The Caves of Steel

infobox Book |
name = The Caves of Steel
title_orig =
translator =


image_caption = Cover of first edition (hardcover)
author = Isaac Asimov
cover_artist =
country = United States
language = English
series = Robot
genre = Mystery Science fiction novel
publisher = Doubleday
release_date = June 1954
media_type = Print (Hardcover, Paperback)
pages = 224 pp
isbn = NA
preceded_by = The Positronic Man
followed_by = The Naked Sun

"The Caves of Steel" is a novel by Isaac Asimov. It is essentially a detective story, and illustrates an idea Asimov advocated, that science fiction is a flavor that can be applied to any literary genre, rather than a limited genre itself. Specifically, in the book "Asimov's Mysteries", he claims that he wrote the novel response to the claim by editor John W. Campbell that mystery and science fiction were incompatible genres.

The book was first published as a serial in "Galaxy" Magazine, October to December 1953. A Doubleday hardcover followed in 1954.

A television adaptation was made by the BBC and shown in 1964: only a few short excerpts still exist. In June 1989, the book was adapted by Bert Coules as a radio play for the BBC, with Ed Bishop as Elijah Baley and Sam Dastor as R. Daneel Olivaw.

Plot introduction

In this novel, Isaac Asimov first introduced Elijah Baley and R. Daneel Olivaw, who would later become his, and more so his readers', favourite protagonists. They live roughly three millennia in Earth's future, a time when hyperspace travel has been discovered, and a few worlds relatively close to Earth have been colonised — fifty planets known as the "Spacer worlds." The Spacer worlds are rich, have low population density (average population of one hundred million each), and use robot labour very heavily. Meanwhile, Earth is overpopulated (with a total population of 8 billion), and strict rules against robots have been passed. The eponymous "caves of steel" are vast city complexes covered by huge metal domes, capable of supporting tens of millions each. The New York City of that era, for example, encompasses present-day New York State, as well as large tracts of New Jersey.

Asimov imagines the present day's underground transit connected to malls and apartment blocks, extended to a point where no one ever exits to the outside world. Indeed, most of the population cannot leave, as they suffer from extreme agoraphobia.

In "The Caves of Steel" and its sequels, Asimov paints a grim situation of an Earth which has become pseudo-socialist to deal with an extremely large population, and of luxury-seeking Spacers who limit birth so that each may have great wealth and privacy. However, Asimov (who was agoraphobic) did not find the lack of daylight grim: one of his anecdotes tells how a reader asked him how he could have imagined such an existence with no sunlight. He relates that it had not struck him till then that living perpetually indoors might be construed as unpleasant.

Plot summary

The book's central crime is a murder, which takes place before the novel opens. (This is an Asimovian trademark, which he attributed to his own squeamishness and John Campbell's advice of beginning as late in the story as possible.) Roj Nemmenuh Sarton, a Spacer Ambassador, lives in the Spacer outpost just outside New York City. For some time, he has tried to convince the Earth government to loosen its anti-robot restrictions. One morning, he is discovered outside his home, his chest imploded by an energy blaster. The New York police commissioner charges Elijah with finding the murderer. However, Elijah, like many Earth residents, has a low opinion of robots, and must work with a Spacer partner, a humaniform robot named R. Daneel Olivaw. Together, they search for the murderer and try to avert an interstellar diplomatic incident.

One interesting aspect of the book is the contrast between Elijah, the human detective, and Daneel, the humanoid robot. Asimov uses the "mechanical" robot to inquire about human nature. When confronting a "Medievalist" who fears that robots will overcome humankind, Elijah argues that robots are inherently deficient. Being precision-engineered calculating machines, they can have no appreciation of art, beauty, or God; robots can only understand concepts expressible in mathematics. However, in the concluding scene, R. Daneel exhibits a sense of morality. He argues that the captured murderer be treated leniently, telling his human companions that he now realizes the destruction of evil is less desirable than the conversion of evil into good. Quoting the "Pericope Adulteræ", Daneel tells the murderer, "Go, and sin no more!"

Character histories

Below is a list of all the major and minor characters in the book, in order of appearance, with plot detail.

* Elijah “Lije” Baley A Plainclothesman (police officer) who works on Earth. He is called to solve the murder.
* Vince Barrett A kid whose job was taken over by R. Sammy.
* R. Sammy A robot assigned to the Police Department
* Julius Enderby New York City’s Commissioner of Police, who assigns Baley to the murder case.
* Jessie Navodny Baley’s wife.
* Roj Nemennuh Sarton A spacer roboticist murdered by a blaster. Baley is assigned to investigate his death.
* R. Daneel Olivaw Baley’s partner, a humaniform robot.
* Uncle Boris Baley’s uncle.
* Bentley Baley Baley’s son.
* Han Fastolfe A roboticist from a Spacer world, who believes Spacers and Earth dwellers must work together to colonize the galaxy and survive in the future.
* Dr. Anthony Gerrigel A roboticist at Washington whom Baley called.
* Francis Clousarr A New Yorker who was arrested for inciting a riot against robots two years ago. He was one of the men who was at the shoe store incident and in the crowd who chased Baley and Daneel.
* Gerhard Paul Another New Yorker who was in both situations as Francis.
* Philip Norris A C-5 plainclothesman.
* Chen-low A plainclothesman whose job is about to be taken over by a robot like Vince’s was.
* Lynane Millane A subetherics dancer rumored to be a robot.

Television adaptation

Infobox Television
show_name = Story Parade – The Caves of Steel
genre = Science fiction
runtime = 75 minutes
director = Peter Sasdy
producer = Eric Tayler
writer = Terry Nation
starring = Peter Cushing
John Carson
music = BBC Radiophonic Workshop
country = UK
language = English
network = BBC2
released = 5 June 1964
imdb_id = 0057927An adaptation of "The Caves of Steel" was made by the BBC and broadcast on BBC2 on 5 June 1964 as part of an anthology strand called "Story Parade" which specialized in adaptations of modern novels. It starred Peter Cushing as Elijah Baley and John Carson as R. Daneel Olivaw. The adaptation was the brainchild of "Story Parade" story editor Irene Shubik who was an enthusiast of science fiction and a fan of Isaac Asimov in particular, once referring to him as “one of the most interesting and amusing men I have ever met”. [Cutler, "Story Parade: The Caves of Steel"] Shubik had previously devised and story edited the science fiction anthology series "Out of This World" which had adapted Asimov's short story "Little Lost Robot" in 1962. The adaptation of the novel was handled by Terry Nation, who at this time had recently found fame and fortune as the creator of the popular Dalek monsters for the science fiction series "Doctor Who".

The screenplay is generally faithful to the plot of the novel; the only major deviation being the conclusion – in the television version the murderer commits suicide when he is unmasked whereas in the novel he agrees to work to convince the Medievalists to change their ways. The other major change is that the roboticist Dr Gerrigal is a female character in the television version.

Director Peter Sasdy would go on to direct a number of Hammer horror films as well as the Nigel Kneale television play "The Stone Tape". "The Caves of Steel" garnered good reviews: "The Daily Telegraph" said the play “proved again that science fiction can be exciting, carry a message and be intellectually stimulating” [Ward, "Out of the Unknown", p. 24.] while "The Listener", citing the play as the best of the "Story Parade" series, described it as “a fascinating mixture of science fiction and whodunit which worked remarkably well”. [cite web
url = http://www.625.org.uk/cavesofs/sb21cosp.htm
title = Story Parade: The Caves of Steel – Press Coverage
accessdate = 2007-01-16
work = 625.org ] The play was repeated on BBC1 on 28 August 1964. As was common practice at the time, the master tapes of "The Caves of Steel" were wiped some time after broadcast and the play remains missing to this day. A few short extracts survive: the opening titles and the murder of Sarton; Elijah and Daneel meeting Dr Gerrigel (Naomi Chance) and Elijah and Daneel confronting the Medievalist Clousarr (John Boyd-Brent).

The success of "The Caves of Steel" led Irene Shubik to devise the science fiction anthology series "Out of the Unknown", during which she oversaw the adaptation of a further six Asimov stories, including "The Caves of Steel"’s sequel "The Naked Sun".

Other adaptations

In 1988 Kodak produced a VCR game entitled "Isaac Asimov's Robots" that contained a 45 minute film loosely based on "Caves of Steel." It featured many of the characters and settings from the novel, but an altered plotline to fit the needs of a VCR game.

In 1989 BBC Radio 4 broadcast a adaptation by Bert Coules, starring Ed Bishop as Baley.

Cultural references

In a codec conversation in the video game ', Otacon references "Caves of Steel" when explaining his desire to create the Metal Gear Mk.II and a world run solely by technology. ["Metal Gear Solid 4: Guns of the Patriots". Codec conversation in Act 1: Liquid Sun. Otacon"': I want to show the world that technology can work wonders when it's used the right way. I'll bet that 50 years from now robot buddies like the Mk.II will be a vital part of our society...I don't think it's quite was Asimov imagined, but we may already be living in the Caves of Steel.]

Notes

References

*cite web
url = http://www.625.org.uk/cavesofs/sb21cofs.htm
title = Story Parade: The Caves of Steel
accessdate = 2007-01-16
last = Cutler
first = Colin
year = 1999
work = 625.org
*cite book
last = Fulton
first = Roger
title = The Encyclopedia of TV Science Fiction
edition = 3rd edition
year = 1997
publisher = Boxtree
location = London
isbn = 0-7522-1150-1
pages = p. 644-645.
*cite book
last=Tuck
first=Donald H.
authorlink=Donald H. Tuck
title=The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy
location=Chicago
publisher=Advent
pages=21
date=1974
id=ISBN 0-911682-20-1
*cite book
last = Ward
first = Mark
title = Out of the Unknown: A Guide to the legendary BBC series
year = 2004
publisher = Kaleidoscope
location = Bristol
isbn = 1900203103

External links

* [http://starlightfading.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=35&Itemid=28 Review of "The Caves of Steel"]