Iroha Jiruishō

Iroha Jiruishō

The is a 12th century Japanese dictionary of "Kanji" ("Chinese characters"). It was the first Heian Period dictionary to collate characters by pronunciation (in the "iroha" order) rather than by logographic radical (like the "Tenrei Banshō Meigi") or word meaning ("Wamyō Ruijushō").

The "Iroha Jiruishō" has a complex history (see Okimori 1996:8-11) involving editions of two, three, and ten fascicles ("kan" "scroll; volume"). The original 2-fascicle edition was compiled by an unknown editor in late Heian era circa 1144-1165 CE. This was followed by a 3-fascicle edition by Tachibana Tadakane (橘忠兼) circa 1177-1188. Finally, at the start of the Kamakura Period, another anonymous editor compiled the expanded 10-fascicle edition, entitled 伊呂波字類抄 (with "Iroha" written 伊呂波 instead of 色葉).

The main character entries are annotated with "katakana" to indicate both "on'yomi" Sino-Japanese borrowings and "kun'yomi" native Japanese pronunciations. The "Iroha Jiruishō" orthography shows that 12th-century Japanese continued to phonetically distinguish voiceless and voiced sounds, but the distinction between /zi/ and /di/, /zu/ and /du/, and /eu/ and /ou/ was being lost. These entry words typify the Japanized version of classical Chinese known as "hentai Kanbun" (変体漢文 "anomalous Chinese writing", see "Azuma Kagami") or "Wakan konkōbun" (和漢混交文 "mixed Japanese and Chinese writing"). This is a bilingual dictionary for looking up Chinese characters in terms of their Japanese pronunciation, and not a true Japanese language dictionary.

The "Iroha jiruishō" inventively groups entries by their first mora into 47 phonetic sections (部門) like "i" (伊), "ro" (呂), and "ha" (波); each subdivided into 21 semantic headings shown in the table below.

Most of these 21 headings are self-explanatory semantic fields, with the exceptions of 13 "Jiji" for miscellaneous words written with a single character, 14 "Jūten" reduplicative compounds (e.g., "ji-ji" 時時, literally "time time", "at times, occasionally"), and 15 "Jōji" synonym compounds (e.g., "kanryaku" 簡略, literally "simple simple", "simplicity, conciseness"). It is interesting to compare these 21 "Iroha jiruishō" headings with the 24 used two centuries earlier in the "Wamyō Ruijushō".

Unlike all the other major Heian Japanese dictionaries that followed Chinese dictionary traditions, the "Iroha Jiruishō"'s phonetic ordering can undoubtedly be interpreted, says Don C. Bailey (1960:16), "as a sign of increasing independence from Chinese cultural influences." Most subsequent Japanese dictionaries, excepting "kanji" ones, were internally organized by pronunciation.

References

*Bailey, Don Clifford. (1960). "Early Japanese Lexicography". "Monumenta Nipponica" 16:1-52.
*Nakada Norio 中田祝夫, ed. (1977). "Iroha jirui shō kenkyū narabini sōgō sakuin" (色葉字類抄研究並びに總合索引 "Research and a General Index for the "Iroha Jiruishō"). Tokyo : Kazama Shobō.
*Kaneko Akira 金子彰. (1996). "色葉字類抄・伊呂波字類抄 ("Iroha Jiruishō")". In "Nihon jisho jiten" 日本辞書辞典 ("The Encyclopedia of Dictionaries Published in Japan"), Okimori Takuya 沖森卓也, et al., eds., pp. 8-11. Tokyo: Ōfū. ISBN 4-273-02890-5

External links

* [http://ddb.libnet.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/exhibit/ba1/image/10/ba1s0412.html 色葉字類抄] , online JPEG "Iroha Jiruishō" edition, Kyoto University Library
*Manuscript scan at Waseda University Library: [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ho02/ho02_00596/ 1827]


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