Kagakushū

The , alternatively read as "Gegakushū", was a 1444 Japanese dictionary of Chinese characters arranged into semantic headings. The title alludes to Confucius's self-description in the "Lunyu": 下学而上達 "My studies lie low, and my penetration rises high." (tr. Legge [http://www.afpc.asso.fr/wengu/wg/wengu.php?l=Lunyu&s=14] .)

The "Kagakushū"'s colophon is dated 1444 CE, but does not name the dictionary's editor except for obscurely mentioning "Tōroku Hanō" (東麓破衲 "East-foothills Torn-robes"; possibly Hadō). Scholars presume this was a Muromachi Period Buddhist priest because "Tōroku" is a variant name for "Tōzan" (東山 "East Mountain"), which is the location of Kennin-ji (建仁寺), the head temple of the Sōtō school of Zen.Kamei, page 137]

The "Kagakushū" was one of the first Japanese dictionaries designed for common people rather than intelligentsia. In the lexicographical evolution of Japanese dictionaries, Nakao explains how

[R] eference books took a significant further step towards Japanese, and the dictionaries, which had been almost exclusively employed by scholars, priests, literati, and the learned minority of the country, consequently reached a wider audience and began to be used as practical guides to reading and writing. Moreover, the developing technology of printing enabled the literate public to obtain handy and practical dictionaries quite cheaply. "Kagakushu" (1444), produced in two volumes and edited by a monk in Kyoto, was a sort of Japanese language dictionary with encyclopedic information. It served as a textbook on Chinese characters and was reissued many times, each time with further additions. (1998:37)

This anonymous Japanese dictionary, in two fascicles ("kan" "scroll; volume"), defines some 3000 words (Kaneko 1996:51). Head entries in the "Jikyōshū" give the "kanji", Japanese readings in "katakana" to the right, definition, usage notes, and occasionally etymology. Collation for the entries involves 18 semantic headings, as shown below.

Compared with the semantic categorizations in earlier Japanese dictionaries such as the "Wamyō Ruijushō" or "Iroha Jiruishō", these simplified 18 in the "Kagakushū" are easier to understand.

Many "Kagakushū" editions have an appendix entitled "Tenkaku-shōji" (点画小異字 "characters differing only by one stroke") that lists pairs like "ya" "smelt; cast" and "chi" "govern; regulate".

The origins of the "Kagakushū", like the "Setsuyōshū", are associated with an early type of Japanese textbook used in Buddhist "Terakoya" private schools, the "ōraimono" (往来物, "correspondences; model letter book; copybook"). According to Don Bailey:

The "Kagakushū", although only sparsely annotated, was in fact intended to serve as a small encyclopedia and textbook as well as a dictionary; the compiler, apparently realizing that many of the "ōrai" then in use were too detailed, cumbersome, and tome-like, condensed and abstracted from these texts in order to produce a reference tool containing minimally essential information and Chinese characters. That he succeeded is attested by the fact that over thirty copies of the "Kagakushū" have survived from the Muromachi period alone. (1960:37)

Notes

References

*Bailey, Don Clifford. (1960). "Early Japanese Lexicography". "Monumenta Nipponica" 16:1-52.
* cite book
last = Kamei
first = Takashi
authorlink =
coauthors =
title = Kagakushū: Gennabon
publisher = Iwanami Shoten
date = 1944
location = Tōkyō
pages =
url =
doi =
id =
*Kaneko Akira 金子彰. (1996). "下学集 ("Kagakushū")." In "Nihon jisho jiten" 日本辞書辞典 ("The Encyclopedia of Dictionaries Published in Japan"), Okimori Takuya 沖森卓也, et al., eds., pp. 50-52. Tokyo: Ōfū. ISBN 4-273-02890-5
*Nakao, Keisuke. (1998). "The state of bilingual lexicography in Japan: learners' English-Japanese/Japanese-English dictionaries." "International Journal of Lexicography" 11.1:35-50.

External links

* [http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/exhibition/jyousetu/tsukubane/kagakusyuu.html 下学集] , first page of "Kagakushū", Tsukuba University
* [http://www.venus.sannet.ne.jp/tigers/makino/china/afuchi.html 下学集の複写] , "Kagakushū" entry for 楝 Chinaberry, Tomitaro Makino
*Manuscript scans at [Waseda University Library] : [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ho02/ho02_00230/ 1669] , [http://archive.wul.waseda.ac.jp/kosho/ho02/ho02_00890/ho02_00890.html]