Volcanoes National Park

"For the park in Hawaii, see Hawaii Volcanoes National Park."

Volcanoes National Park ( _fr. Parc National des Volcans) lies in northwestern Rwanda and borders Virunga National Park in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Mgahinga Gorilla National Park in Uganda. The national park is known as a haven for the mountain gorilla. It is home to five of the eight volcanoes of the Virunga Mountains (Karisimbi, Bisoke, Muhabura, Gahinga and Sabyinyo), which are covered in rainforest and bamboo. The park was the base for Dian Fossey.

History

The park was first gazetted in 1925, as a small area bounded by Karisimbi, Visoke and Mikeno, intended to protect the gorillas from poaching. It was the very first National Park to be created in Africa. Subsequently, in 1929, the borders of the park were extended further into Rwanda and into the Belgian Congo, to form the Albert National Park, a huge area of 8090 km², run by the Belgian colonial authorities who were in charge of both colonies. [Philip Briggs & Janice Booth (2001) Rwanda: The Bradt Travel Guide p171. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. and The Globe Pequot Press Inc. ISBN 1-84162-034-3]

After the Congo gained independence in 1960, the park was split into two, and upon Rwandan independence in 1962 the new government agreed to maintain the park as a conservation and tourist area, despite the fact that the new republic was already suffering from overpopulation problems. The park was halved in area in 1969. Fact|date=February 2007

The park later became the base for the famous American naturalist Dian Fossey to carry out her research into the gorillas. She arrived in 1967 and set up the Karisoke Research Centre between Karisimbi and Visoke. From then on she spent most of her time in the park, and is widely credited with saving the gorillas from extinction by bringing their plight to the attention of the international community. She was murdered by unknown assailants at her home in 1985, a crime often attributed to the poachers she had spent her life fighting against. [Philip Briggs & Janice Booth (2001) Rwanda: The Bradt Travel Guide p172. Bradt Travel Guides Ltd. and The Globe Pequot Press Inc. ISBN 1-84162-034-3] Fossey's life later was portrayed on the big screen in the film "Gorillas in the Mist", named after her autobiography. She is buried in the park in a grave close to the research center, and amongst the gorillas which became her life.

The Volcanoes National Park became a battlefield during the Rwandan Civil War, with the park headquarters being attacked in 1992. The research centre was abandoned, and all tourist activities (including visiting the gorillas) were stopped. They did not resume again until 1999 when the area was deemed to be safe and under control. There have been occasional infiltrations by Rwandan rebels from the Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda in subsequent years, but these are always stopped quickly by the Rwandan army and there is thought to be no threat to tourism in the park.

Flora and Fauna

Flora

Vegetation varies considerably due to the large altitudinal range within the park. There is some lower montane forest (now mainly lost to agriculture). Between 2400 and 2500 m, there is "Neoboutonia" forest. From 2500 to 3200 m "Arundinaria alpina" (bamboo) forest occurs, covering about 30% of the park area. From 2600 to 3600 m, mainly on the more humid slopes in the south and west, is "Hagenia-Hypericum" forest, which covers about 30% of the park. This is one of the largest forests in Africa with "Hagenia abyssinica". The vegetation from 3500 to 4200 m is characterised by "Lobelia wollastonii", "L. lanurensis", and "Senecio erici-rosenii" and covers about 25% of the park. From 4300 to 4500 m grassland occurs. Secondary thicket, meadows, marshes, swamps and small lakes also occur, but their total area is relatively small.

Fauna

The park is best known for the Mountain Gorilla ("Gorilla beringei beringei"). Other mammals include: golden monkey ("Cercopithecus mitis kandti"), black-fronted duiker ("Cephalophus niger"), buffalo ("Syncerus caffer"), Spotted Hyena ("Crocuta crocuta") and bushbuck ("Tragelaphus scriptus"). There are also reported to be some elephants in the park, though these are now very rare. [ [http://www.concise.britannica.com/ebc/art-17426 Picture of elephants in Virunga National Park, DRC] "Encyclopaedia Britannica concise] There are 178 recorded bird species, with at least 13 species and 16 subspecies endemic to the Virunga and Ruwenzori Mountains. [ [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm Volcanoes National Park Page] "United Nations Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre"]

Tourism in the park

The Rwanda tourist board, ORTPN, runs several activities for tourists, including: [ [http://www.rwandatourism.com ORTPN website] ]
* Gorilla visits - there are four habituated groups open to tourists, allowing for a total of 32 permits per day. Tourists spend an hour with the gorillas.
* Golden monkey visits.
* Climbing of Karisimbi volcano - this is a two day trek with overnight camping at an altitude of 3,800 m.
* Climbing of Bisoke volcano - one day.
* Tour of the lakes and caves.
* Visiting the tomb of Dian Fossey.The majority of revenue from tourism goes towards maintaining the park and conserving the wildlife. The remainder goes to the government and (around 10%) to local projects in the area to help local people benefit from the large revenue stream generated by the park.

Facts

* Area: 130 km²
* Altitude: 2,400 m – 4,507 m
* Annual rainfall: 1,975 mm (the high at 3030 m, with a marked decrease to the west)
* Mean annual temperature: 9.6 °C.

References

ee also

*Eugène Rutagarama

External links

* [http://www.rwandatourism.com The Rwanda Tourist Board (ORTPN)]
* [http://www.unep-wcmc.org/protected_areas/data/sample/0360p.htm Volcanoes National Park at UN Environment Programme World Conservation Monitoring Centre]
* [http://www.footprint-adventures.co.uk/rwanda5.html The Virunga Primates page from Footprint Adventures]

* [http://www.wonderafrica.com/?Rwanda_National_Parks Rwanda National Parks] Find all information about Rwanda's safari parks and wildlife.