Kae and Longopoa

The story cycle around Kae and Sinilau is a well known entity in Polynesian mythology, found back on several places (see notes). This article describes the Tongan version, of which the main source is an old poem (Ko e folau ʻa Kae – The voyage of Kae) published in 1876, and some other, incomplete manuscripts.

Kae is the Tongan version of the Sāmoan word "okinaae", meaning "shit", of which not only a heap features in the story, but its use also made directly clear to the native listeners that Kae is the anti-hero in the epos.

The third player Longopoa in this respect is an outsider.

Lookinaau

It started all with Lookinaau from Haokinaamea, one of the many Lookinaau known in Tongan history. Haokinaamea may be the place of his "lepa" in central Tongatapu, or it is an alternative for Sāmoa (Haokinaamoa in Tongan). He ran a famous navigation school on an artificial lake ("lepa") near Fualu, [This lake has now silted up, but parts of the depression can still be seen west of Fatai, towards Matangiake and Nafualu (where Siaokinaatoutai theological college is); that is south of the tidal flats of Polookinaa in the Hihifo district on Tongatapu. Not to be confused with Fualu in Pea.] and his boat was either a tongiaki (an old sailing boat of Tongan design) or a kalia (a better, more modern design originating from Fiji).

One day Lookinaau got tired of people taunting him all the time when he would go for a real trip. So he had his big canoe dragged to the sea and told his "matāpule" (chiefly attendants) Kae and Longopoa, to accompany him to some nearby islands. So they went. But when they passed Haokinaapai, Lookinaau told to 'sail on past the shore'. The same thing happened at Vavaokinau and then Niuatoputapu, and then Sāmoa, and then Niuafookinaou, and then okinaUvea, and then Futuna. [These islands are towards the north. They are not on a straight track, but did (do) represent increasing far distances in the Tongan mind.] No one knew that Lookinaau had already decided silently from the beginning to go beyond the horizon and not to return. He wanted to go to the land of the talking "puko" trees, probably Pulotu.

The ship steered on downwards (i.e. south or west in Tongan navigation sense). They came at a white sea; they came at a floating pumice sea; they came at a slimy sea. [Did Lookinaau try to reach New Zealand, but was he drifting towards Antarctica, coming through snow, icebergs and a sea full of krill?] Then they reached the horizon at the end of the sky. There is a hole in the sky and a great whirlpool in the ocean, because of the waters going in when there is ebb in Tonga, and coming out at flood. There was also a reef with a pandanus tree and a large rock. The mast of the ship got stuck in the branches of the tree and was to be freed. It was done with a push, and that push caused the ship either to disappear in the whirlpool or through the opening in the sky, lost in space, never to be seen back anymore.

Kae and Longopoa did not await this happening. They had agreed to desert this foolish trip and they made it back to the reef, Kae clinging to the tree, and Longopoa to the stone.

Kae

When it got dark and the flood current came out again, Kae suggested Longopoa that they better found a way to escape from the island, everybody for himself. He plunged in the sea and swam away. At midnight he landed on a sandy island; (other sources tell: many days later). He saw 8 dead whales on the shores and hundreds on "neiufi" fish, or (according to others) less whales but 2 huge man eating sharks, luckily also dead. It was the lair of the kanivatu a giant bird (like the roc), which was known to be a man eater too. Kae wisely hid for the night between two of the whales. The bird returned to his nest in the morning. When it was preening its feathers, Kae emerged and clung to one of its legs (or the feathers of its breast according to some, or of its wing according to some). At midday the bird flew away over the ocean, with his passenger, and when Kae saw they were over land, he let go. The place were he landed was on the coralsand beach of okinaAkana (Aokinaana in Sāmoan), the western part of okinaUpolu. He was friendly received by the high chief of the area, Sinilau, who gave him status, more than he ever had gotten in Tonga, but not enough to enter the kava circle. [Probably he got a matai title, but not a aliokinai, only a tūlafale and maybe even not that.] So Kae stayed in Sāmoa for some time. But then he was seized by a longing for Tonga to tell about all the wonderful things he had seen, and he announced to Sinilau that he wanted to go. Sinilau agreed and presented him with a farewell gift. He would be allowed to ride on the back of his twin whales.

Tonga and Tununga

Sinilau's aunt ["mehekitanga", an important family relation in the culture of Tonga.] had a daughter who one day ate a piece of whalemeat, which was leftover in the house. She got pregnant and bore a twin, who were named Tonga and Tununga-tofuaokinaa ("tofuaokinaa": whale). [Named Tonga and Sāmoa by other informants, Tonga being the one who would be killed.] They were whales. Sinilau spoke: "Go well Kae, just tell the whales whereto to go. But leave them in deep water at the weathercoast. And when you have reached your home, before you go to your relatives, prepare a bunch of coconuts, scented oil, some unpainted tapa and a floormat, give it to them to return to me." Which was a very modest request, and Kae agreed.

Kae had the trip of his life. Too soon he was back at Tongatapu, at Polookinaa, where the tidal flats start, and it was just low tide. He left the whales in shallow water a speeded to Haokinaamea. He told his relatives what had happened, and then shouted out to all his friends from Fatai and Matafonua and Lakepa and so on, that they came with knives and spears and axes to slaughter those whales on the beach. Tununga was killed, cut in pieces, the meat was distributed to all the chiefs of the different districts, and eaten by the people of the whole island. But Tonga was able to escape. A depression in the middle of the tidal flats, a fishing pool is still visible as a result of its struggle to get away.

inilau's revenge

Sinilau was extremely displeased about Kae's behaviour, when Tonga told him what had happened, after he had arrived at okinaAkana; with his back full with spears, and without the promised items. Sinilau called all the gods of Sāmoa to a council and ordered them to assemble at both Hunga Haokinaapai and Hunga Tonga. There they would have to cut coconut tree leaves to plait some baskets out of it. [That was the first time this type of basket was made, the "faka-hunga" (in the Hunga way), and they are still used nowadays (for cleaner purposes).] "Then tonight go around", Sinilau said, "and collect the dung of all the people who partook in the meal. From Muifonua to okinaEua to Fangaleokinaounga to Hihifo to Nāpua. [Quite much more than Haokinaamea only, see List of islands in Tonga.] Finally put Kae on top of the shit and bring everything back to me." So it was done, and Kae was brought into Sinilau's boatshed, he even did not wake up.

Night was awaiting the dawn, a rooster crowed. "That stupid rooster", Kae mumbled half asleep, "he just crows like Sinilau's rooster. At daylight I shall kill it and eat it." He thought he was still at home on Tongatapu. But when daylight had come he saw that he was there no longer but in a certain boatshed in Sāmoa. And a stern Sinilau with a royal turban on his head sat at the entrance. Kae had nothing to say.

Sinilau threw him out, to the waiting gods, who fell on him and ate him. Although others say that Sinialu threw him in a pre-dug grave, noting that Kae was not worth more, once a commoner, always a commoner.

Meanwhile a big kava bowl was brought and all the parts and shit the gods had collected in Tonga was thrown in, and see after having left it to itself for a while, suddenly Tunungatofuaokinaa came back to life. He was only missing one tooth, as the Tongans had brought that [whaletooth ivory ("lei") was in Tonga as valuable and royal as gold in Western culture.] as a gift to the Tuokinai Tonga in Muokinaa, which had made it even for the gods untouchable. Sinilau suggested that Tununga should not try to smile too much.

Longopoa

Meanwhile we still have Longopoa left behind on his rock at the end of the world. Once Kae had left his pandanus tree, the other hesitated a while, but then finally he swam away too. He reached a small deserted island where only a "puko" tree grew. But it was a magic tree, it talked. And when Longopoa cried that he was hungry, the tree instructed him to make and light a okinaumu, and then to break off one of its branches and to roast it. When at the end he opened the oven, see it was full with roasted pig, fowl, yams and so forth. He ate his belly full and slept.

But next day he cried again: he wanted to go back home, to Tonga. The tree then told him that tonight the gods would go fishing. He should ask them to let him go with them, and he would carry their bag for them. "Make a hole in the basket so that the fish drops out and it does not fill too swiftly. Because once the basket is full, the gods will stop. But if not, they will go on and on. And when you reach your home island, crow like a rooster so the gods will think the night is over. Now also break off another branch of me and take it with you. As soon as you come home and while it is still night, plant it. A young puko tree will grow out of it, and provide you and your people with food as I did yesterday. Do not go to see your relatives first, because if you plant this branch after the day has dawned, it will grow to just an ordinary tree."

So the friendly puko tree said, and so it happened. The gods fished and fished, and when they reached Sāmoa they were surprised to hear from their new carrier that the basket was not yet full. And at Niuatoputapu still not full. Next they reached Tonga. Longopoa jumped overboard, ran ashore and crowed like a rooster. The gods made themselves scarce. Overjubilant Longopoa directly went to see his family. Only when the new day had come he remembered the love of the puko tree. But then it was too late, the blessings were spoilt and the puko trees of nowadays produce no food whatsoever.

Notes

The story as told on other island groups:
*Tinilau and okinaAe - Samoa
*Tinirau and Kae - Māori
*and also compare with the Tongan myths of Sāngone and okinaAhookinaeitu.

References

*I. F. Helu; "Critical essays"; 1999; ISBN 0-9595477-9-7
* E.W. Gifford; "Tongan myths and tales"; BPB bulletin 8, 1924