Cassivellaunus

Cassivellaunus was a historical British chieftain who led the defence against Julius Caesar's second expedition to Britain in 54 BC. He also appears in British legend as Cassibelanus, one of Geoffrey of Monmouth's kings of Britain, and in the Mabinogion and Welsh Triads as Caswallawn, son of Beli Mawr.

History

Cassivellaunus is the first British individual known to history. He appears in Julius Caesar's "Commentaries on the Gallic War", having been given command of the combined British forces opposing Caesar's second invasion of Britain. Caesar does not mention Cassivellaunus's tribe, but his territory, north of the River Thames, corresponds with that later inhabited by the Catuvellauni.

Caesar tells us that Cassivellaunus had previously been at constant war with the British tribes, and had overthrown the king of the Trinovantes, the most powerful tribe in Britain at the time. The king's son, Mandubracius, fled to Caesar in Gaul.

Despite Cassivellaunus's harrying tactics, designed to prevent Caesar's army from foraging and plundering for food, Caesar advanced to the Thames. The only fordable point was defended and fortified with sharp stakes, but the Romans managed to cross it. Cassivellaunus dismissed most of his army and resorted to guerilla tactics, relying on his knowledge of the territory and the speed of his chariots.

Five British tribes, the Cenimagni, the Segontiaci, the Ancalites, the Bibroci and the Cassi, surrendered to Caesar and revealed the location of Cassivellaunus's stronghold at Wheathampstead [A History of Britain, Richard Dargie (2007), p. 19] , which Caesar proceeded to put under siege. Cassivellaunus managed to get a message to the four kings of Kent, Cingetorix, Carvilius, Taximagulus and Segovax, to gather their forces and attack the Roman camp on the coast, but the Romans defended themselves successfully, capturing a chieftain called Lugotorix. On hearing of the defeat and the devastation of his territories, Cassivellaunus surrendered. The terms were mediated by Commius, Caesar's Gallic ally. Hostages were given and a tribute agreed. Mandubracius was restored to the kingship of the Trinovantes, and Cassivellaunus undertook not to wage war against him. All this achieved, Caesar returned to Gaul [Julius Caesar, "Commentarii de Bello Gallico" ; Dio Cassius, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/40*.html#1 40.1-3] ; Orosius, "Histories Against the Pagans" [http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/orosius6.html#9 6.9] ] where a poor harvest had caused unrest. The Roman legions did not return to Britain for another 97 years.

The Greek author Polyaenus relates an anecdote in his "Stratagemata" that Caesar overcame Cassivellaunus's defence of a river crossing by means of an armoured elephant. [Polyaenus, "Strategemata" [http://attalus.org/translate/polyaenus8A.html#23.5 8.23.5] ] This outlandish claim probably derives from a confusion with the Roman conquest of 43 AD, when Claudius brought elephants to Britain. [Dio Cassius, "Roman History" [http://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/60*.html#21 60.21] ]

Legend

"Historia Regum Britanniae"

Cassivellaunus appears in Geoffrey of Monmouth's 12th century work "Historia Regum Britanniae" ("History of the Kings of Britain"), usually spelled Cassibelanus or Cassibelaunus. [Geoffrey of Monmouth, "Historia Regum Britanniae" , ] The younger son of the former king Heli, he becomes king of Britain upon the death of his elder brother Lud, whose own sons Androgeus and Tenvantius are not yet of age. In recompense, Androgeus is made Duke of Kent and Trinovantum (London), and Tenvantius is made Duke of Cornwall.

After his conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar sets his sights on Britain, and sends a letter to Cassibelanus demanding tribute. Cassibelanus refuses, citing the Britons' and Romans' common Trojan descent (see Brutus of Britain), and Caesar invades at the Thames Estuary. During the fighting, Cassibelanus's brother Nennius encounters Caesar and sustains a severe head wound. Caesar's sword gets stuck in Nennius's shield, and when the two are separated in the mêlée, Nennius throws away his own sword and attacks the Romans with Caesar's, killing many, including the tribune Labienus. [According to Caesar's own account (), the tribune who was killed in Britain was Quintus Laberius Durus; Titus Labienus was his legate in Gaul. The error can be traced to Orosius's "Histories Against the Pagans", an influential 4th century Christian history.] The Britons hold firm, and that night Caesar flees back to Gaul. Cassibelanus's celebrations are muted by Nennius's death from his head wound. He is buried with the sword he took from Caesar, which is named "Crocea Mors" (Yellow Death).

Two years later, Caesar invades again with a larger force. Cassibelanus, forewarned, had planted stakes beneath the waterline of the Thames which gut Caesar's ships, drowning thousands of men. The Romans are once again quickly put to flight.

The leaders of the Britons gather in Trinovantum to thank the gods for their victory with many animal sacrifices and celebrate with sporting events. During a wrestling bout, Cassibelanus's nephew Hirelglas is killed by Androgeus's nephew Cuelinus. Cassibelanus demands that Androgeus turn his nephew over to him for trial, but Androgeus refuses, insisting he should be tried in his own court in Trinovantum. Cassibelanus threatens war, and Androgeus appeals to Caesar for help.

Caesar invades a third time, landing at Richborough. As Cassibelaunus's army meets Caesar's, Androgeus attacks Cassibelaunus from the rear with five thousand men. His line broken, Cassibelanus retreats to a nearby hilltop. After two days siege, Androgeus appeals to Caesar to offer terms. Cassibelanus agrees to pay tribute of three thousand pounds of silver, and he and Caesar become friends.

Six years later, Cassibelanus dies and is buried in York. Androgeus has gone to Rome with Caesar, so Tenvantius succeeds as king of Britain.

Welsh literature

Cassivellaunus appears in the Welsh Triads, the "Mabinogion", and Welsh versions of Geoffrey's "Historia", as Caswallawn, son of Beli Mawr. In the Second Branch of the Mabinogi, he appears as a usurper, who seizes the throne of Britain while the rightful king, Bran the Blessed, is at war in Ireland. Using a magic cloak which renders him invisible, he kills the seven stewards Bran has left in charge, while the eighth, Bran's son Caradog, dies of bewilderment at the sight of a disembodied sword killing his men. ["The Mabinogion": " [http://www.sacred-texts.com/neu/celt/mab/mab22.htm Branwen, daughter of Llyr] "] [Jeffrey Gantz, "The Mabinogion", p.80.] He then appears in the Third Branch, in which Bran's followers offer their submission to him to avoid fighting. [Jeffrey Gantz, "The Mabinogion", pp. 84–86, 88.] He is also mentioned in the tale "Lludd and Llefelys", which features his two brothers Lludd Llaw Eraint (Geoffrey's Lud) and Llefelys.

Caswallawn is referenced frequently in the Welsh Triads. Triad 51 describes his conflict with "Afarwy" (Mandubracius/Androgeus) as described in Geoffrey of Monmouth, [Rachel Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", pp. 138–145. This is the only triad which draws its content entirely from Geoffrey. References to the Welsh Triads use Bromwich's numbering; Bromwich's 51 forms part of from the Red Book of Hergest.] while Triad 95 references the story of Caradawg son of Bran's death as told in the "Mabinogion". [Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", p. 242.] However, other triads (35, 36, 38, 59, 67, and 71) refer to a tradition about Caswallawn not drawn from either Roman nor existing medieval sources.Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", pp. 305–306.] Triad 38 names his horse as Meinlas ("Slender Gray") and calls him one of the Three Bestowed Horses of the Island of Britain; [Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", pp. 103 – 104. .] this is echoed in Triad 59, in which the decision to allow the Romans to land in Britain in exchange for Meinlas is called one of the Three Unfortunate Counsels of the Island of Britain. [Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", pp. 168 – 170. .] Triad 35 indicates that Caswallawn left Britain with 21,000 men in pursuit of Caesar and never returned. [ Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", pp. 81–89. ; ]

Triads 67 and 71 portray Caswallawn as a great lover, who competed with Caesar over the beautiful Fflur. He is named as one of the Three Golden Shoemakers of the Island of Britain in relation to his trip to Rome seeking his love; contexts suggests he disguised himself as a shoemaker. [Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", pp. 185–188. .] A later collection of triads compiled by the 18th century Welsh antiquarian Iolo Morganwg gives an expanded version of this tradition, including that Caswallawn had abducted Fflur from Caesar in Gaul, killing 6,000 Romans, and Caesar invaded Britain in response. [Iolo Morganwg, "Triads of Britain" , , , , ] As with the rest of Morganwg's Triads, however, the provenance of these references is suspect. However, the 12th century poet Cynddelw Brydydd Mawr knew of some version of the Fflur story, writing that Caesar's love for her was costly. [Bromwich, "Trioedd Ynys Prydein", p. 354.]

Welsh scholar Rachel Bromwich suggests the fragmentary allusions to Caswallawn in the Triads relate to a narrative of the character that has been lost. This may have been in the form of a romance detailing the king's adventures, but would have been largely uninfluenced by the classical accounts.

Notes

References

*Bromwich, Rachel (2006). "Trioedd Ynys Prydein: The Triads of the Island of Britain." University Of Wales Press. ISBN 0-7083-1386-8.
*Gantz, Jeffrey (translator) (1987). "The Mabinogion." New York: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-044322-3.

External links

* [http://www.roman-britain.org/tribes/catuvellauni.htm Catuvellauni] at [http://www.roman-britain.org Roman-Britain.org]
* [http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/clb_tribe_catuvellauni.htm Catuvellauni] at [http://www.romans-in-britain.org.uk/ Romans in Britain]