Heimwehr

The Heimwehr ( _de. Home Guard) or sometimes Heimatschutz ( _de. Home Defense) [cite book
last = Jelavich
first = Barbara
coauthors =
title = Modern Austria : Empire & Republic 1815-1986
publisher = Cambridge University Press
date = 1989
pages = pp. 182
month = December
isbn = 0 521 31625 1 ] were a Nationalist, initially paramilitary group operating within Austria during the 1920s and 1930s; they were similar in methods, organisation, and ideology to Germany's Freikorps.

Origins and reorganization

Formed mainly from demobilised soldiers after World War I, the Heimwehr were initially formed as loosely organized militias to defend the borders of Austria. As with Germany's Freikorps, there was no formal national leadership or political program at the beginning, but rather local groupings which responded actively to whatever they considered to be ideologically unpalatable. In Carinthia, for example, they formed to protect their region from Slovene and Yugoslav troops [cite book
last = Brook-Shepherd
first = Gordon
coauthors =
title = The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey
publisher = HarperCollins
date = 1996
pages = pp. 235
month = December
isbn = 0 00 638255 X ] . Ignaz Seipel, Christian Social Austrian Chancellor at the time, reorganized the Heimwehr as an "answer to the Socialist Schutzbund" [cite book
last = Brook-Shepherd
first = Gordon
coauthors =
title = The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey
publisher = HarperCollins
date = 1996
pages = pp. 261
month = December
isbn = 0 00 638255 X ] in an attempt to curb socialist power. The increasing politicalization of militias led to the Heimwehr involvement in the massacre of July 15, 1927.

1930's

The Heimwehr continued to lack any real national coherence up to 1930, when Heimwehr leaders committed themselves to the Korneuburg Oath, which established an arguably Fascist party platform based on Austrian Nationalism (as distinct from the pan-German nationalism of the Nazis), a rejection of Parliamentary Democracy and Marxism, in favour of a dictatorship, and a rejection of class struggle ("see" Austrofascism) [cite book
last = Brook-Shepherd
first = Gordon
coauthors =
title = The Austrians : a thousand-year odyssey
publisher = HarperCollins
date = 1996
pages = pp. 265
month = December
isbn = 0 00 638255 X ] .

When Walter Pfrimer, regional head in Styria attempted a coup in 1931, he received no support from other Heimwehr leaders. After this, many Heimwehr groupings, including the Styrian section, increasingly defected to the NazisFact|date=December 2007.

Decline

After Engelbert Dollfuss created the Fatherland Front in 1934, he gained control over and incorporated the Heimwehr into other right-wing militaries with the help of Ernst Rüdiger Starhemberg. Politically, the Heimwehr suffered a decline in support and significance due to the Pan-German, nationalist allure of the Nazis and Italy's gradual reorientation of its foreign policy towards Germany. As a result of these factors, Dollfuss' successor, Kurt Schuschnigg, absorbed the remaining Heimwehr elements into the Fatherland Front in 1936, and it officially ceased to exist as a political grouping. Ernst Starhemberg was left out of the new governmental order in an attempt to end rivalries between private armiescite web|url= http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,756104-1,00.html|title= Mother's Helper|accessdate=December 11th |accessyear=2007 |author= |date=15th |year=1936 |month=May |publisher=Time Magazine ] .

References