Manding languages

Manding
Geographic distribution:	West Africa
Linguistic classification:	Niger–Congo ? Mande Western Mande Central Mande Manding–Jogo Manding–Vai Manding–Mokole Manding
Subdivisions:	Manding-East Manding-West
ISO 639-2 and 639-5:	man

The Manding languages are a fairly mutually intelligible group of dialects or languages in West Africa, belonging to the Mande languages. Their best-known members are Bambara, the most widely spoken language in Mali; Mandinka, the main language of Gambia; Maninka or Malinké, a major language of Guinea; and Dyula, an trade language of the northern Côte d'Ivoire and western Burkina Faso.

Subdivisions

The Manding tongues, and what distinguishes one from the rest and relationship among all of them are matters that continue to be researched. In addition, the nomenclature - being a mixture of indigenous terms and words applied by English and French speakers since before colonization - makes the picture complex and even confusing.

The Mandinka people speak varieties from the first two groups; the differences between the western and eastern branches manifest themselves primarily phonetically. While dialects of the western group usually have 10 vowels (5 oral and 5 long/nasal), the eastern group, typified by Bambara, has 14 vowels (7 oral and 7 nasal):

Manding-West

• Kassonke – Western Maninka (Mali, Senegal)
• Mandinka (Senegal, Gambia)
• Kita Maninka (Mali)
• Jahanka (Guinea; one of several dialects under this name)

Manding-East

• Marka (Dafin) (Burkina Faso)
• Bambara–Dyula (Northeastern Manding; Mali, Burkina Faso, Côte d'Ivoire)
• Eastern Maninka (Southeastern Manding; multiple varieties)
• Bolon (Burkina Faso)

In addition, Sininkere (Burkina Faso) is of unclear placement within Manding.

Writing

The Manding languages have a strong oral tradition, but also have written forms - adaptations of Arabic and Latin alphabets, and at least two indigenous scripts.

• Arabic was introduced into the region with Islam, and the writing was adapted to write in Manding languages to a certain degree. Arabic script or Ajami is still commonly used for Mandinka.
• The Latin alphabet was introduced into the region following European conquest and colonization. It is used fairly widely, with "official" versions in many countries, for teaching, literacy and publication.
• The N'Ko alphabet, developed in 1949 by Solomana Kante, is designed to write Manding using a common literary standard comprehensible to speakers of all these varieties. It is gaining in popularity.
• A lesser-known alphabet for Bambara was developed in the early 20th century but is not used.

See also

• Mande languages
• N'Ko

External links

• http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=89993
• PanAfrican L10n page on Manding