John Work House and Mill Site

Infobox_nrhp | name =Work, John, House and Mill Site
nrhp_type =


caption = Main Entrance to the property
nearest_city= Charlestown, Indiana
area =
built =1814
architect= Work, John
architecture= Federal
added = January 03, 2001
governing_body = [http://www.lhcbsa.org/ Lincoln Heritage Council, BSA]
refnum=00001546 cite web |url=http://www.nr.nps.gov/ |title=National Register Information System |date=2007-01-23 |work=National Register of Historic Places |publisher=National Park Service]

John Work House and Mill Site is a Registered Historic Place just outside Charlestown, Indiana, owned by the Lincoln Heritage Council, (BSA), as part of the Tunnel Mill Scout Reservation. For a century, it was an active gristmill until technology made it obsolete, and arson destroyed much of it. Prominent features around the site are Fourteen Mile Creek and the Devil's Backbone. The land is now used by the Boy Scouts of America for camping activities such as National Youth Leadership Training and a Webelos Camp.

Mill days

In 1814 John Work (1760-1834) decided to build a new gristmill, to replace the one he had bought in 1804 from the brothers John and James Bates, for which he paid $10 an acre for convert|100|acre|km2, but now needed repair. It was near the only road leading from Charlestown and New Washington to the growing Madison. Spotting where Fourteen Mile Creek made a S-curve around a limestone ridge and then dropped drastically, five miles (8 km) upcreek from the Ohio River, he decided to create a tunnel through a spur of a hill to act as a mill race, which would mean a better source of water to power his mill. [Kramer, Carl. "This Place We Call Home" (Indiana University Press, 2007) p.62x)] The race was completed in 1816, and the mill itself in 1818. 650 pounds of powder made from saltpeter was used for the tunneling. The total cost was estimated at $3,300. The race was convert|6|ft|m deep and convert|5|ft|m wide; a convert|200|lb|abbr=on man reportedly rode through it on opening day. ["Baird's History of Clark County, Indiana", (1909) page 71] A dam was later built for better year around use. Work would be credited for building three more mills upcreek.

The mill started operating in 1819. The mill was ideally situated by being a day's ride from New Albany and Madison, the second and third largest cities in Indiana at the time, and for being so close to Ohio River landings. A sawmill was added to the mill, as was a saltworks and powdermill. Tunnel Mill was also the first mill in the region to use a series of elevators to move corn called the Evans and Ellicott's machinery, which made milling the work of two people instead of six, a great technological advantage over those who had to carry sacks of corn all the way to the top of the mill so it could be milled step by step. The mill was able to handle 2.5 barrels of corn an hour. Soon after being built, Work's Mill was the most profitable and efficient in the area. [Kramer p.62-3]

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Owners
John Work	1804-1832
John R. Work	1832-1854
Wilford M. Green	1854-1896
Henry C. Dodd	1897-1920
Shiloh Swango	1920-1926
Henry Murphy	1926-1927

After Work's death, the mill would pass through the hands of several owners, and would change with the times. The Mill under Work was a custom mill, where farmer's would just send corn for their own personal use. Future owners would make the mill a merchant mill, where farmers would sell the corn to a mill and the mill would process the corn to sell for itself in various forms, from flour to grits to flakes. Some of this would be shipped on the Ohio and the Mississippi River. The original mill wheel was made of oak, but in mid-century 1800s the wheels became metal, as wooden wheels only lasted 5-10 years before needing major repairs.

The mill would remain in operation in the 1920s as the sole remaining operating gristmill in Clark County, but would sparsely used as mills in Louisville were cleaner and more efficient due to their modern technology. However, the mill was often used as a bathing house for those who liked to swim in the creek. On August 1, 1927, a fire destroyed the mill building. No one knows if it was started by a discarded cigarette, by one of the swimmers, or by the last owner, Henry Murphy, who reportedly had a history of his properties burning. [Purlee pg90] Plans to rebuild the mill in 1958 and 1981 were never realized.

There were plans for development to occur on the property. In 1904 three developers from Jeffersonville planned an inter-urban trolley line between Charlestown and Madison, and would have placed a fifty-foot hydroelectric dam where the mill's dam would be, which would have made a convert|100|acre|km2|sing=on lake, for which could be use for public recreation. Engineers at the time decided it was not feasible. The plan was brought back in 1921, but it was also a failure. 1935 would see the last attempt of such a project, but while a new dam was finished in 1936, it produced no electricity. In 1940 rural electrification finally powered the property.

Work/Faris Cemetery

A cemetery containing the plots of John Work, his wife, and other Clark County pioneers is located on the property. It is by the bridge across Fourteen Mile Creek near the old camp entrance. The last known burial at the cemetery was in 1869. [ [http://www.tunnelmill.org/Cemetery.aspx Work/Faris Cemetery ] ]

Tunnel Mill Scout Reservation

In 1927 Henry Murphy decided he wanted to sell the convert|142|acre|km2 of land he held around the burnt mill. The newly formed Boy Scout Council, the George Rogers Clark Council (formed by Scouts of Clark, Floyd, Harrison, Scott, and Washington counties) was seeking an area for a camp. In 1917 local Troop 3 had used the Work property as a summer camp, and used it for three straight summers. On April 2, 1928, Murphy sold the property to the Scouts. Organizations around the area pitched in to improve the property, allowing the camp to open in 1929. [Kramer, Carl. "This Place We Call Home" (Indiana University Press, 2007) p.325-6)] A series of three-sided pioneer-style cabins were built near the cemetery in 1933. In 1942 the Scoutmaster's Cabin and Evergreen cabins were completed. In 1950 the McDonald Bridge was completed across Fourteen Mile Creek. The camp saw its greatest use in the 1950s and 1960s, with 564 scouts the highest attendance ever (1960). In 1969 the property's swimming pool was built, as the creek was no longer safe to swim in. Since 1993 the property has seen less use, as George Rogers Clark Council merged with another council, and the rough terrain protects it from development. Since the merger, the camp has been used primarily by Cub Scouts and for winter camping."Tunnel Mill: the story of an historical grist mill and an historic Boy Scout camp" by Gary D. Purlee (2005)]

On November 6, 1996, Andy Campbell, a ranger serving as the caretaker of the property was shot to death by Roger Caldwell, "a diagnosed, paranoid schizophrenic" who trespassed onto the property while drunk.cite web | last = Reynolds | first = Janna | authorlink = | coauthors = | year = | url = http://www.gbpnews.com/news/l013101.htm | title = Caldwell receives 70 years for shooting of Tunnel Mill Ranger | format = | work = | publisher = Green Banner Publications | accessdate = 2008-03-10] This was the first such incident in the history of Scouting. Campbell was able to drag himself convert|50|ft|m to call 911. After police arrived on the scene to get information about the drunk from Campbell, they found Caldwell wandering on Ind-62. Caldwell was sentenced to 70 years in prison, with parole possible after 31 years.

Legends

There are many legends surrounding the property. One involves stepping on a particular step on the McDonald Bridge at night. If stepped upon, a ghost will chase you down to kill you unless you race up the hill before it catches you. Another legend is that a cache of gold is somewhere near the old mill. The ghost of John Work reportedly haunts the remains of the mill.

There is also reportedly a silver mine known to the Indians here. Local Indians had Work mill their corn, and paid him in silver ore. When Work asked of the source of the ore, the Indians said they had a mine, but they would never tell any white where the mine was located. If such a mill exists, it has yet to be found. [http://www.news-tribune.net/features/local_story_104235211.html "Secrets and legends of Southern Indiana creeks" - New Albany Tribune, April 14, 2007] Gold flakes have been found in the stream, enough to fill a vial. [ [http://www.news-tribune.net/features/local_story_104235211.html?start:int=15 The News and Tribune - Secrets and legends of Southern Indiana creeks ] ]

Today

The property includes a cabin village, a swimming pool, and a dining hall built in 2000. The current dining hall replaced the one from the 1980s that once served as a steakhouse in Jeffersonville.

The Civil Air Patrol has used the property for training. [ [http://www.sccadets.org/inthenews/inthenews.htm Civil Air Patrol in the News ] ]

The remains of the mill became part of the National Register of Historical Places in 2001. [ [http://www.nationalregisterofhistoricplaces.com/IN/Clark/state.html National Register of Historical Places - INDIANA (IN), Clark County ] ]

References

External links

* [http://www.tunnelmill.org/ Tunnel Mill Organization]
* [http://www.lhcbsa.org/info/reserv/tm/ Lincoln Heritage Council information on Tunnel Mill]
* [http://www.biblebelievers.org/thecave.htm "The Mystery At Fourteen Mile Creek"]
* [http://orig.courier-journal.com/localnews/2004/10/03in/B1-moss1003-6505.html "Former Scout wants to share memories of Tunnel Mill"]
* [http://www.in.gov/judiciary/opinions/previous/archive/01270001.trb.html Official Court Document Regarding the Campbell/Caldwell incident]