Confessional state

A confessional state is a state which officially practices a particular religion, and at least encourages its citizens to do likewise.^{[citation needed]}

Over human history, most states have been confessional states^{[citation needed]}; the idea of religious pluralism in modern terms is relatively recent, and until the beginning of the 20th century, many if not most nations had state religions enshrined in their respective constitutions or by decree of the monarch, even if other religions were permitted to practice.^{[citation needed]}

Religious minorities are accorded differing degrees of tolerance under confessional states; adherents may or may not have a set of legal rights, and these rights may not be accessible in practice. For example, in medieval Europe Jewish people suffered various degrees of official and unofficial discrimination; during the same period in Islamic states, non-Muslims or dhimmi were legally inferior to Muslims but accorded certain protections.^{[citation needed]}

In Europe, the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia institutionalized the principle of cuius regio, eius religio - that rulers of a state had the right to determine the religion of its subjects. This was in an effort to curb the religious warfare that had wracked Europe after the Protestant Reformation.^{[citation needed]}

United States

Several of the Thirteen Colonies were confessional states, although of different denominations, before the American Revolution; Connecticut remained one until 1818. Other American states required each town or individual to support some religious body, without the state deciding which one; but this was also abolished, the last instance being Massachusetts, which restricted the obligation in 1821 and ended it in 1843. Both systems are unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, and preference in matters of religion was forbidden in several colonies.^{[citation needed]}

Modern times

The confessional state is largely gone in the Western World, although in the Middle East, the confessional state, particularly in the form of the Islamic republic is still quite common. A number of modern countries have state religions; they usually also allow freedom of religion however.

References

See also

• Cuius regio eius religio
• Separation of Church and State