Gävle goat

The Gävle Goat (known in Swedish as the Julbocken i Gävle or Gävlebocken) is a giant version of a traditional Swedish Yule Goat figure made of straw that is located at Slottstorget in central Gävle. It is erected each year by a local association called the Southern Merchants, and another version is erected by a group of students from the Natural Science Club of the School of Vasa. The Natural Science Club's goat holds the world record for the largest Yule Goat, but since 1994 the Southern Merchants' goats have been larger and had more publicity afforded them. Both goats have famously been the targets of frequent arson attacks and vandalism, so much so that over the years they have been guarded by the police, webcams, soldiers, volunteers and dogs; whilst the city officially discourages the attacks on the goats, they have brought it recognition and tourism from around the world.

History

The history of the Gävle Goat began in 1966. An advertising consultant, Stig Gavlén, came up with the idea of making a giant version of the traditional Swedish Yule Goat and placing it in the square. Ironically, considering its later history, the design of the first goat was assigned to his brother Jesper Gavlén, who at that time was the chief of the Gävle fire department. The construction of the goat was carried out by the Gävle fire department, and they physically erected the goat from 1966 to 1970 and 1986 to 2002. The first goat was financed by a man named Harry Ström. On 1966-12-01 a 13 metre (42½ foot) tall, 7 metre (23 ft) long, 3 tonne goat was erected in the square. At the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve, the goat went up in flames. The goat has since had a history of being burnt down almost every year, 2005 being the 22nd time.The financing for the initial goats came from a group of businessmen known as the Southern Merchants (Söders Köpmän), so named because all their members were located on the southern side of Gavleån ("Gävle creek"), a river that runs through central Gävle dividing the town into north and south. In 1971, the Southern Merchants became so fed up with the continual burning of their goats, that for 15 years they stopped building them and the task was taken up by the Natural Science Club of the School of Vasa. The Natural Science Club's Yule Goat fared no better, and, as well as being burnt and vandalised, one year it was even run over by a car.cite web|url=http://cityguide.se/gavle/attraktioner/?category=attraktioner&article=3|language=Swedish|work=Gävle City Guide|title=Gävlebocken|publisher=CityGuide|date=2003] English bookmakers made it possible to bet on the goat's destiny from 1988. In 1996 the Southern Merchants introduced webcams to monitor the goat 24 hours a day, with little or no success. On 2004-11-27 the Gävle Goat's homepage was hacked into and one of the two official webcams changed to display "Burn Bockjaevel" (translation: "Burn Fucking Goat") in the left corner of its live feed. [ cite news|title=Gävle Goat gets hacked|language=Swedish|publisher=Aftonbladet|date=2004-11-27|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,567577,00.html ] One year when they had guards posted around the goat the temperature dropped way below zero. The guards thought they ought to go inside to get something to warm them up. They went into a nearby restaurant, but before they even had a chance to raise their glasses they saw flames shooting from the goat outside the window. cite news|title=The goat is burning!|language=Swedish|publisher=Dagens Nyheter|date=2003-12-12|url=http://www.dn.se/DNet/road/Classic/article/0/jsp/print.jsp?&a=213592 ] The 3rd and 4th of December, 2005 was, thus far, the most violent weekend for public Yule Goats around Sweden. The Gävle Goat was burnt on the 3rd and the weekend escalated into a frenzy of copycat goat-burning. The Visby goat on Gotland burned down, the Yule Goat in Söderköping, Östergötland was torched, and there was an attack on a goat located in Lycksele, Västerbotten. That goat escaped with only minor burn marks on the legs. [ cite news|title=The night of the goat-burners|language=Swedish|publisher=Göteborgs-Posten|date=2005-12-03|url=http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=119&a=246603 ] [cite news|title=Police receives tips about the goat-burnings|language=Swedish|publisher=Göteborgs-Posten|date=2005-12-05|url=http://www.gp.se/gp/jsp/Crosslink.jsp?d=361&a=246588 ] The price tag for constructing the goat is around 100,000 Swedish kronor (as of 2005). The cost for the 1966 goat was SEK 10,000.cite news|title=New goat is already on the way|publisher=Arbetarbladet|language=Swedish|date=2005-12-06|url=http://www.arbetarbladet.se/local_article.php?avdelning_2=0&id=350212 ] The city pays one third of the cost while the Southern Merchants pay the remaining sum. Since 2003 construction of the goat has been undertaken by a group of unemployed people (called ALU arbetare). Nowadays, if the goat is burned down before Lucia (feast day of Saint Lucy, the 13th of December) it will be rebuilt. The Gävle Goat is erected every year on the first day of Advent, which according to Western Christian tradition is in late November or early December, depending on the calendar year. Recently the so-called "Goat Committee" have had a plan for a backup goat. Because the fire station is close to the location of the goat, most of the time the fire can be extinguished before the robust wooden skeleton is severely damaged. The skeleton is then treated and repaired, and the goat reconstructed over it, using straw which the Goat Committee has pre-ordered.cite news|title=New goat is already on the way|publisher=Arbetarbladet|language=Swedish|date=2005-12-06|url=http://www.arbetarbladet.se/local_article.php?avdelning_2=0&id=350212 ]

Burning the goat is an illegal act and can result in severe fines or even prison time for arson. It should be mentioned though, that during the 39 years of the Gävle Goat's history up to 2005, only 4 people have been caught or convicted. The burning of the Gävle Goat is not officially welcomed by the citizens of Gävle, cite news|title=TV 3's Most Wanted is now eager to solve the goat mystery|publisher=Arbetarbladet|language=Swedish|date=2005-12-07|url=http://www.arbetarbladet.se/local_article.php?id=350410&avdelning_1=101&avdelning_2=0 ] but undoubtedly this is what has made the goat world famous and led to increased tourism for the city.

The Christmas season of 2006 marked the 40th anniversary of the Gävle Goat, and, on Sunday, 3 December, the city held a large celebration in honor of the goat. The Goat Committee said that that year's goat was not going to be able to be set on fire because it was fireproofed with "Fiber ProTector Fireproof", a fireproofing substance that is used in airplanes. In earlier years when the goat had been fireproofed, the dew had made the liquid drip off the goat. To prevent this from happening in 2006 "Fireproof ProTechtor Solvent Base" was applied to the goat. The Goat Committee's faith in the fireproofing for the 2006 goat led them to cut down the guard and furthermore, they boldly claimed that "the goat will never burn again". Freddy Klassmo, the spokesman for the company that provided the fireproofing in 2006 also stated: "not even napalm can set fire to the goat now". The claims were not generally given much credit: even the chief of the Gävle fire brigade expressed his doubts. cite web|last=Forsberg|first=Rose-Marie|title=The famous christmasgoat of Sweden|url=http://christmasgoat.se/cms/|accessdate=2006-12-06 ] cite web|title=Mer Jul i Gävle|url=http://www.merjuligavle.se/merjuligavle/mjig_sida.aspx?id=11|accessdate=2006-12-06 ] [ cite news|title=Not even napalm can set fire to the goat now|publisher=Aftonbladet|language=Swedish|date=2006-12-01|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,944925,00.html ] [cite news|work=Santa Fe New Mexican|url=http://www.santafenewmexican.com/news/53159.html|title=Swedish city strives to safeguard Christmas straw goat from vandals|date=2006-12-04|author=The Associated Press ] But the fireproofing did its job and although the Gävle goat was scorched on one of its legs, it did not catch on fire during the one and only attempt to burn down the goat on 15 December 2006. The goat was dissembled and put into storage. It re-emerged on 29 November 2007, with re-construction finished on 30 November 2007.

The Gävle Goat and the Natural Science Club's Yule Goat

Since 1986 there have always been two Yule Goats built in Gävle: the Gävle Goat (that of the Southern Merchants) and the initially smaller Yule Goat built by the Natural Science Club of the School of Vasa. The history of the second goat began in 1971 when the Southern Merchants got tired of having their expensive goat vandalised and decided not to build one again. A student organisation, the Natural Science Club (Naturventeskapliga Föreningen:NF) of the School of Vasa then decided to build their own goat. Their goat was much smaller, around 2 m (6 ft), and not nearly as expensive as the goat normally built by the Southern Merchants, but it was appreciated by the citizens of Gävle, which was the intention of the students from the beginning. Due to the positive reaction their Yule Goat received that year, they built another one the following year and from then on.cite web|url=http://hem.passagen.se/nf1/bock/bock.htm|title=Julbocken|publisher=Naturventeskapliga Föreningen|language=Swedish|accessdate=2006-08-26]

Until 1985 the Southern Merchants held the world record for the largest Yule Goat, but over the years the Natural Science Club's goat increased in size, and in 1985 their Yule Goat finally made it into the Guinness Book of Records with an official height of 12.5 m (41 ft). The creator of the original 1966 goat, Stig Gavlén, thought that the Natural Science Club's goat had unfairly won the title of the largest Yule Goat because the goat was not as attractive as the Southern Merchants' goat and the neck was overly long. The next year there was something of a "War of the Yule Goats": the Southern Merchants understood the publicity value of having a Yule Goat and erected a huge goat, the Natural Science Club erected a smaller one in protest. The Southern Merchants had intended that their huge goat would reclaim the world record, but the measurement of the goat showed it fell short. Over the following 7 years there were no further attempts on the world record, but there was some bad feeling between the Natural Science Club and the Southern Merchants, evidenced by the fact that the Natural Science Club put up a sign near their goat wishing a Merry Christmas to everyone, except the Southern Merchants.

In 1993 the Southern Merchants once again announced that they were going to attempt the world record. To everybody's surprise their goat only measured 10.5 m (34½ ft) when completed. The Natural Science Club's Yule Goat that year measured 14.9 m (49 ft), which earned them another place in the Guinness Book of World Records. As of 2005 that goat still holds the world record since there have been no further attempts to beat it. The Natural Science Club say that they will not attempt a new world record as long as the Southern Merchants do not either.

Nowadays the Natural Science Club's goat is smaller than the record-holding goat, and it is also smaller than the Southern Merchants' Gävle Goat.

Timeline

*1966 Stig Gavlén came up with the idea of a giant goat made out of straw. But it turned out that Gavlén organisation did not have enough funding for the goat. Then Harry Ström, who at that time was the chairman of the Southern Kingstreet Non-profit Organisation, decided to pay the whole cost for the goat out of his own pocket. The goat stood until 12.00 PM that New Year's Eve, when it went up in flames. The perpetrator, who was from Hofors, Gästrikland, was found and convicted of vandalism. The first goat was insured and Ström got all his money back. [ cite web|title=The Gävle goat timeline|url=http://www.soderskopman.se/historia.html ]
*1967 Nothing happened.
*1968 The goat survived. Until this year there was no fence around the goat and it was popular for children to play hide-and-seek inside and around the goat. Also, it is said that one night a couple made love inside the goat. As a result, in subsequent years the inside of the goat has been protected by a chicken-wire net.
*1969 The goat was burned down on New Year's Eve.
*1970 The goat burned down only six hours after it was assembled. Two very drunk teenage children were connected with the crime. With help from several financial contributors the goat was reassembled, this time out of lake reed.cite news|url=http://www.sploid.com/news/2005/12/santa_torched_t.php|title=Santa torched the giant goat!|date=2005-12-04|work=Sploid]
*1971 The Southern Merchants got tired of the continual burning of their goats and stopped building them. The Natural Science Club (Naturvetenskapliga Föreningen:NF) from the School of Vasa (Vasaskolan) took over. Their little goat was kicked to pieces.
*1972 The goat collapsed because of sabotage.
*1973 N/A
*1974 Burned.
*1975 N/A
*1976 Local raggare ran the goat over with a car.cite news|title=Vandals Burn Swedish Christmas Goat, Again|author=The Associated Press|date=2005-12-04|location=Stockholm|publisher=The Washington Post|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/12/04/AR2005120400225.html]
*1977 N/A
*1978 Again, the goat was kicked to pieces.
*1979 The goat was burnt even before it was erected. A new one was built and fireproofed. It was destroyed and broken into pieces.
*1980 Burned down on Christmas Eve.
*1981 Nothing happened.
*1982 Burned down on Lucia (December 13th).
*1983 The legs were destroyed.
*1984 Burned down on December 12th, the night before Lucia.
*1985 The 12.5 m (41 ft) tall goat of the Natural Science Club was featured in the Guinness Book of Records for the first time. Even though the goat was enclosed by a 2 m (6.5 ft) high metal fence, guarded by Securitas and even soldiers from the Gävle I 14 Infantry Regiment, it was burned down in January.
*1986 The merchants of Gävle decided they were willing to build the goat once again. From this point on there were two goats built, the Southern Merchants' and the School of Vasa's. The big goat got burned down the night before Christmas Eve.
*1987 A heavily fireproofed goat was built. It got burned down a week before Christmas. [cite news|title=Weird ritual of the burning goat|publisher=BBC News|date=2005-12-04|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/4497408.stm ]
*1988 Nothing happened to the goat this year, but gamblers were for the first time able to gamble on the fate of the goat with English bookmakers.
*1989 Again, the goat burned down before it was assembled. Financial contributions from the public were raised to rebuild a goat that was burned down in January. In March 1990 another goat was built, this time for the shooting of a Swedish motion picture called "Black Jack".
*1990 Nothing happened. This year the goat was guarded by many volunteers.
*1991 This year the goat was joined by an advertising sled, that turned out to be illegally built. On the morning of Christmas Eve the goat was burned down. It was later rebuilt to be taken to Stockholm as a part of protest campaign against the closing of the I 14 Infantry Regiment.
*1992 The goat was burned down eight days after it was built. The Natural Science Club's goat burned down the same night. The Southern Merchants' goat was rebuilt, but burned down on 20 December. The perpetrator of the three attacks was caught and sent to jail. This was also the year when the Goat Committee was founded.
*1993 Once more the goat was featured in the Guinness Book of Records. This time the School of Vasa's goat measured 14.9 m (49 ft). The goat was guarded by taxi and the Home Guard. Nothing happened.
*1994 Nothing happened. This year the goat followed the Swedish national hockey team to Italy for the World Championship in ice hockey.
*1995 A Norwegian was arrested for attempting to burn down the goat. Burned down on the morning of Christmas Day. Rebuilt to be standing before the 550th anniversary of Gävle county.
*1996 Nothing happened. This was the first time that it was guarded by webcams.
*1997 Damaged by fireworks. The Natural Science Club's goat was attacked too, but survived with minor damages.
*1998 Burned down on 11 December, even though there was a major blizzard. Was rebuilt.
*1999 Burned down only a couple of hours after it was erected. Rebuilt again before Lucia. The Natural Science Club's goat was burned down as well.
*2000 Burned down a couple of days before New Year's Eve. The Natural Science Club's goat got tossed in the Gävle river.
*2001 Goat set on fire on 23 December by Lawrence Jones, a 51-year-old visitor from Cleveland, Ohio, who spent 18 days in jail and was subsequently convicted and ordered to pay 100,000 Swedish kronor in damages. The court also confiscated Jones's cigarette lighter with the argument that he clearly was not able to handle it. Jones stated in court that he is no "goat burner", and believed that he was taking part in a completely legal goat-burning tradition. After Jones was released from prison he went straight back to the US without paying his fine. As of 2006 it is still unpaid. The Natural Science Club's goat was also burned down this year. [cite news|title=Santa and gingerbread man get Gävle's goat|date=2005-12-04|url=http://www.thelocal.se/article.php?ID=2620|work=The Local] [ cite news|title=That's why I burned the goat in Gävle|publisher=Aftonbladet|language=Swedish|date=2003-12-17|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/vss/debatt/story/0,2789,406509,00.html ]
*2002 A 22 year old from Stockholm tried to set the Southern Merchants' goat on fire, but failed. The goat received only minor damage. On Lucia the goat was also guarded by the Swedish radio and TV personality Gert Fylking, most famous for every year screaming "äntligen" (finally) when the Swedish Academy presented their winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature. [ cite news|title=The goat is burning-year after year|language=Swedish|publisher=Aftonbladet|date=2003-12-13|url=http://wwwb.aftonbladet.se/vss/nyheter/story/0,2789,404850,00.html ]
*2003 Burned down on 12 December.
*2004 Burned 21 December, only three days before Christmas Eve. The fire brigade quickly arrived on scene, but the goat could not be saved. No new goat was built.
*2005 Burned by unknown vandals reportedly dressed as Santa and a gingerbread man by shooting a flaming arrow or molotov cocktail at the goat at 21:00 on 3 December. Reconstructed on 5 December.
*2006 On the night of 15 December at 03:00, someone tried to set fire to the goat by dousing the right front leg in petrol. The red ribbon on that leg was slightly burned and fell off. The lower part of the right leg was scorched, but the rest of the goat failed to light. The leg was repaired that morning. [ cite news|title=The first attack on the goat failed|publisher=Arbetarbladet|language=Swedish|date=2006-12-16|url=http://www.arbetarbladet.se/local_article.php?id=471066&avdelning_1=101&avdelning_2=101&variabe ] [ cite news|title=Gävle goat unscathed after arson attack|publisher= The Local|language=English|date=2006-12-15|url=http://www.thelocal.se/5815/20061215/ ] The Natural Science Club's goat was burned at about 00:40 on the 20th December, the vandals were not seen and got away. [ cite news|title=Lillbocken lågornas rov|publisher=Gefle Dagblad|language=Swedish|date=2006-12-21 ] [ cite news|title=Lilla bocken brändes ned i natt |publisher=Arbetarbladet|language=Swedish|url=http://www.arbetarbladet.se/local_article.php?id=472580&avdelning_2=101|date=2006-12-20 ] On the night of 25 December, a drunken man managed to climb up on the goat. Before the police arrived on the scene the man climbed down and disappeared. [ cite news|title=Man climbed the Yule Goat of Gävle|publisher=Aftonbladet|language=Swedish|url=http://deliveryc.aftonbladet.se/vss/telegram/0,1082,68996955_852__,00.html|date=2006-12-26 ] He did not try to set fire to the goat. The Southern Merchants' goat survived New Year's Eve and was taken down on 2 January. It is now stored in a secret location. [ cite news|title=The unburnable goat says thanks|publisher=Arbetarbladet|language=Swedish|url=http://www.arbetarbladet.se/local_article.php?id=476327&avdelning_1=101&avdelning_2=101|date=2007-01-03 ]
*2007 According to the Southern Merchant's goat, his little brother – the Natural Science Club's goat – was toppled on 13 December. The Natural Science Club's goat was burned on the night of 24 December. [ cite web|title=Gävle Goat Blog|url=http://www.merjuligavle.se/merjuligavle/mjig_sida.aspx?id=147 ]

tatistics

:Number of goats built includes goats rebuilt after an initial burning.:Number of goats burned includes goats burnt down more than once and goats only partially burnt.:Number of goats vandalised includes goats thrown in the river.:Number of goats run over includes goats run over by motorized vehicle.

In popular culture

* A week before the burning of the Gävle Goat in 2005 a couple of pictures started to circulate on the internet community Lunarstorm. The pictures showed a group of people standing in front of the goat holding burning torches. The police suspected that they could be involved in the burning a week later, so they appealed for assistance in the media. The suspected goat-burners voluntarily called the police; it turned out that they were from Stockholm and they were fans of the famous Gävle ice-hockey team Brynäs. They just wanted a picture taken for their internet site and had not remembered that the webcams also took pictures. [ cite news|title=They didn't burn the goat|publisher=Gefle Dagblad|language=Swedish|date=2005-12-06 |url=http://www.gd.se/Article.jsp?article=68276 ]
* The Gävle Goat had a significant part in the Swedish motion picture "BlackJack" fn|1, directed by Colin Nutley. In a memorable scene, the Swedish actor Reine Brynolfsson climbs up on the goat (outrageously drunk) and stands on top of it screaming that he is going to torch it, which he then does. This can also be seen in the videography "Burning Bock", and the redux version "Firebranding Gävle" by Sven Bergvall and Jacob Östberg.
* In the United States there is an organization called "Goat Watchers" that has a couple of hundred members.
* The Department of Tourism in Gävle gets bombarded with e-mails from all over the world questioning whether the city supports the burning of the Gävle Goat. Officially the city says that it does not support the burnings.
* When "USA Today" reported the burning of the Gävle goat on 2005-12-04, [cite news|work=USA Today|url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/offbeat/2005-12-04-christmas-goat_x.htm|title=Vandals burn giant Christmas straw goat in Sweden, again|date=2005-12-04|author=The Associated Press] it was side by side with the trial of Saddam Hussein and other top headlines.
* There is a restaurant in Gävle named "The Burned Goat" (Brända Bocken), which features the timeline for the Gävle Goat on their web site.
* The hunt for the arsonist responsible for the goat-burning in 2005 was featured on the weekly Swedish live broadcast TV3's "Most Wanted" ("Efterlyst") on 2005-12-08. "Most Wanted", which has been running since 1990, shows reconstructions of serious crimes committed in Sweden and requests assistance from the public in solving them. In one of their most bizarre segments they asked the public to help track down two suspected arsonists, a man in a Santa mask and a man dressed as a gingerbread man, wanted for burning down the Gävle Goat.
* Sven Bergvall and Jacob Östberg's videography "Burning Bock" (2005) won the "peoples choice" award at the 2005 Association for Consumer Research (ACR) conference and film festival in San Antonio, Texas, USA. [cite web|url=http://www.indek.kth.se/burningbock.htm|title=Burning Bock|publisher=Sven Bergvall and Jacob Östberg ]
* In the mid-1980s, Gunnar Hedman, from the village of Rödänge in Österfärnebo, Gästrikland decided he was going to build his own goat. Every year, with help from the other residents of the village he builds a 12.5 metre (41 ft) goat. On the evening of Hedman's birthday, January 9, he and the other residents of the village burned it down.

References

Footnotes

* imdb title|id=0099142|title=Black Jack

Further reading

* — a videography of "the Gävleners’ relation to Christmas, the bock and its destruction"
*

External links

* [http://www.gavle.se/gavlebocken/ Official web site of the Gävle Goat] swe icon
* [http://www.gd.se/gdbilder/nyhetsvideo/nyhetsvideo.jsp?article=67645 The second erection of the 2005 Gävle Goat] Video swe icon
* [http://hem.passagen.se/nf1/bock/bock.htm Julbocken article on Naturvetenskapliga Föreningen site] swe icon
* [http://www.christmasgoat.se/ Information about the goat and a webcam] (in English)
* [http://www.merjuligavle.se/merjuligavle/mjig_Bocken.aspx?id=52 Goat's blog and webcams]