List of state leaders in 1878

State leaders in 1877 - Events of 1878 - State leaders in 1879 - State leaders by year----

Africa

*Ashanti Confederacy - Mensa Bonsu Kumaa, Asantehene (1874-1883)
* Burundi - Mwezi IV Gisabo, King of Burundi (1852-1908)
* Dahomey - Glele, King of Dahomey (1856-1889)
* Ethiopia - Yohannes IV, Emperor of Ethiopia (1871-1889)
* Liberia -
*# James Spriggs Payne, President of Liberia (1876-1878)
*# Anthony William Gerdner, President of Liberia (1878-1883)
* Sokoto Caliphate
**Caliph - Mu'adh bin Bello, Sokoto Caliph (1877-1881)
**Grand Vizier - Abdullah bin Muhammad Fodiye, Sokoto Grand Vizier (c.1874-1886)
* Zanzibar - Barghash ibn Sa'id, Sultan of Zanzibar (1870-1888)
*Zulu - Cetshwayo kaMpande, King of the Zulu (1872-1884)

Asia

* Afghanistan - Shir Ali Khan, Emir of Afghanistan (1868-1879)
* Burma -
*# Mindon Min, King of Burma (1853-1878)
*# Thibaw Min, King of Burma (1878-1885)
* Cambodia - Norodom, King of Cambodia (1860-1904)
* Champasak - Kham Suk, King of Champasak (1863-1900)
* China (Qing Dynasty) - Guangxu, Emperor of China (1875-1908)
* India -
**Monarch - Victoria, Empress of India (1876-1901)
**Viceroy - The Lord Lytton, Viceroy of India (1876-1880)
* Japan - Monarch - Meiji Emperor, Emperor of Japan (1867-1912)
**Okinawa Domain - Shō Tai, King of Ryūkyū (1848-11 March 1879)
* Korea (Joseon Dynasty) - Gojong, King of Joseon (1864-1907, Emperor after 1897)
* Luang Phrabang - Unkham, King of Luang Phrabang (1868-1895)
* Nepal - Surendra Bikram Shah Deva, King of Nepal (1847-1881)
* Oman - Turki bin Said, Sultan of Oman (1871-1888)
* Siam - Chulalongkorn (Rama V), King of Siam (1868-1910)
* Vietnam - Tu Duc, Emperor of Vietnam (1847-1883)

Europe

* Andorra - Patrice Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta (President of France) and Josep Caixal i Estradé (Bishop of Urgel), co-Princes (1873-1879 and 1853-1879)
*Austria-Hungary - Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria and King of Hungary (1848-1916)
**Minister-President of Austria - Prince Adolf Wilhelm Daniel von Auersperg (1871-1879)
**Minister-President of Hungary - Kálmán Tisza (1875-1890)
* Belgium
**Monarch - Léopold II, King of the Belgians (1865-1909)
**Cabinet Chief -
**#Jules Malou, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1871-1878, 1884)
**#H.-J.-W. Frère-Orban, Cabinet Chief of Belgium (1868-1870, 1878-1884)
* Denmark
** Monarch - Christian IX, King of Denmark (1863-1906)
** Prime Minister - Jakob Brønnum Scavenius Estrup, Prime Minister of Denmark (1875-1894)
* France -
**President - Patrice Mac-Mahon, duc de Magenta, President of France (1873-1879)
**Prime Minister - Jules Dufaure, President of the Council (1877-1879)
* Germany -
**Monarch - Wilhelm I, German Emperor (1871-1888)
**Chancellor - Otto von Bismarck, Chancellor of Germany (1871-1890)
**"see also List of German rulers in 1878"
* Greece - George I, King of the Hellenes (1863-1913)
* Holy See
*# Pope Pius IX (1846-1878)
*# Pope Leo XIII (1878-1903)
* Italy
**Monarch -
**# Vittorio Emanuele II, King of Italy (1861-1878)
**# Umberto I, King of Italy (1878-1900)
**Prime Minister -
**# Agostino Depretis, Prime Minister of Italy (1876-1878)
**# Benedetto Cairoli, Prime Minister of Italy (1878)
**# Agostino Depretis, Prime Minister of Italy (1878-1879)
* Liechtenstein - Johann II, Prince of Liechtenstein (1858-1929)
* Luxembourg
**Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849-1890)
**Prime Minister - Félix de Blochausen, Prime Minister of Luxembourg (1874-1885)
* Monaco - Charles III, Prince of Monaco (1856-1889)
* Montenegro - Nicholas I, Prince of Montenegro (1860-1910/1918/1921)
* Netherlands
**Monarch - William III, King of the Netherlands (1849-1890)
**Prime Minister - Jan Kappeyne van de Coppello, Chairman of the Dutch council of ministers (1877-1879)
* Norway - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway - Oscar II, King of Norway (1872-1905)
* Portugal - Luis I, King of Portugal (1861-1889)
* Romania - Carol I, Prince of Romania (1866-1881/1914)
* Russia - Alexander II, Tsar of Russia (1855-1881)
* San Marino -
*# Giuliano Belluzzi and Pietro Ugolini, Captains-General (1877-1878)
*# Domenico Fattori and Marino Babboni, Captains-General (1878)
*# Camillo Bonelli and Pietro Berti, Captains-General (1878-1879)
* Serbia - Milan II, Prince of Serbia (1868-1882/1889)
* Spain -
**Monarch - Alfonso XII of Spain, King of Spain (1875-1885)
**Prime Minister - Antonio Cánovas Del Castillo, Prime Minister of Spain (1874-1875, 1875-1879, 1879-1881, 1884-1885, 1890-1892, 1895-1897)
* Sweden - United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
**Monarch - Oscar II, King of Sweden (1872-1907)
**Prime Minister - Louis Gerhard De Geer, Prime Minister of Sweden (1876-1880)
* Switzerland - Karl Schenk, President of the Swiss Confederation (1878)
* United Kingdom -
**Monarch - Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837-1901)
**Prime Minister - The Earl of Beaconsfield, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (1868, 1874-1880)

Middle East and North Africa

* Abu Dhabi - Zaid ibn Khalifa, Shaikh of Abu Dhabi (1855-1909)
* Egypt - Ismail, Khedive of Egypt (1867-1879)
* Morocco - Hassan I, Sultan of Morocco (1873-1894)
* Oman - Turki ibn Sa'id, Sultan of Oman (1871-1888)
* Ottoman Empire
**Monarch - Abd-ul-Hamid II, Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (1876-1909)
**Grand Vizier - Tunuslu Ibrahim Edhem Pasha, Ottoman Grand Vizier (1877- 1878 "position discontinued")
**Chief Minister -
**# Ahmed Hamdi Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
**# Ahmed Vefik Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
**# Mehmed Sadik Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
**# Mütercim Mehmed Rüstü Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
**# Mehmed Esad Saffet Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878)
**# Tunuslu Hayreddin Pasha, Chief Minister of the Ottoman Empire (1878-1879)
* Persian Empire - Nasir ed-Din, Shah of Persia (1848-1896)
*Tunis - Muhammad as-Sadiq, Bey of Tunis (1859-1882)

North America and the Caribbean

*Canada
**Monarch - Victoria, Queen of Canada (1837-1901)
**Governor General -
**# Marquess of Dufferin and Ava, Governor-General of Canada (1872-1878)
**# Marquess of Lorne, Governor-General of Canada (1878-1883)
**Prime Minister - John A. Macdonald, Prime Minister of Canada (1867-1891)
*Costa Rica - Tomás Guardia Gutiérrez, President of Costa Rica (1877–1882)
* Dominican Republic -
*# Buenaventura Báez, President of the Dominican Republic (1876-1878)
*# Cesáreo Guillermo, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
*# Ignacio María González, President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
*# People's Military Chiefs (1878)
*# Jacinto del Rosario de Castro, acting President of the Dominican Republic (1878)
*# Council of Secretaries of State (1878-1879)
* El Salvador - Rafael Zaldívar, President of El Salvador (1876-1885)
* Guatemala - Justo Rufino Barrios, President of Guatemala (1873-1885)
* Haiti - Pierre Théoma Boisrond-Canal, President of Haiti (1876-1879)
* Honduras - Marco Aurelio Soto, President of Honduras (1876-1883)
* Mexico - Porfirio Diaz, President of Mexico (1876-1880)
* Nicaragua - Pedro Joaquín Chamorro Alfaro, President of Nicaragua (1875-1879)
* United States - Rutherford B. Hayes, President of the United States (1877-1881)

Oceania

* Hawaii - Kalākaua, King of Hawaiokinai (1874-1891)
* Niue - Tui-toga, King of Niue (1875-1887)
* Samoa - Malietoa Talavou Tonumaipe’a, Malietoa (1860-1880)
* Tahiti -
*#Pomare IV, Queen of Tahiti (1827-1877)
*#Pomare V, King of Tahiti (1877-1880)
* Tonga -
** Monarch - George Tupou I, King of Tonga (1845-1893)
** Prime Minister - Tevita 'Unga, Prime Minister of Tonga, (1876 – 1880)

outh America

* Argentina - Nicolás Avellaneda, President of Argentina (1874-1880)
* Bolivia - Hilarión Daza, Provisional President of Bolivia (1876-1879)
* Brazil - Pedro II, Emperor of Brazil (1831-1889)
* Chile - Aníbal Pinto, President of Chile (1876-1881)
* Colombia -
*# Aquileo Parra, President of Colombia (1876-1878)
*# Julián Trujillo Largacha, President of Colombia (1878-1880)
* Ecuador - Ignacio de Veintemilla, Supreme Chief of Ecuador (1876-1878/1883)
* Paraguay -
*# Higinio Uriarte, President of Paraguay (1877-1878)
*# Cándido Bareiro, President of Paraguay (1878-1880)
* Peru - Mariano Ignacio Prado, President of Peru (1876-1879)
*Uruguay - Lorenzo Latorre, President of Uruguay (1876-1879)
* Venezuela -
*# Francisco Linares Alcántara, President of Venezuela (1877-1878)
*# Jacinto Gutiérrez Martínez, Acting President of Venezuela (1878-1879)