Symphony No. 82 (Haydn)

The Symphony No. 82 in C major (Hoboken 1/82) is the first of the so-called six Paris Symphonies (numbers 82-87) written by Joseph Haydn. It is popularly known as the Bear Symphony .

Date of composition and scoring

The symphony was one of a series of six symphonies commissioned in 1784 by the Concerts de la Loge Olympique, a popular concert subscription in Paris (hence the name for the series as a whole). Like the other Paris symphonies, "the Bear" was written for the largest orchestral ensemble that Haydn had written for up until that time, including reinforced woodwind parts and a large string section. [W Lister, "The First Performance of Haydn's ‘Paris’ Symphonies", Eighteenth-Century Music (2004), 1: 289-300] Despite its number, the symphony was actually the last of the six Paris symphonies to be composed. It was completed in 1786.

It was first performed in 1787 in Paris by the "Concert de la Loge Olympique", directed by the celebrated mulatto musician, Joseph Boulogne, Chevalier de Saint-Georges.

The work is in standard four movement form and scored for flute, two oboes, two bassoons, horns and/or trumpets, timpani, continuo (harpsichord) and strings. Early conflicting manuscript sources make the exact scoring for the brass unclear. Typically, however it is performed with both horns and trumpets. [H.C. Robbins Landon, The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn. (London: Universal Edition and Rockliff, 1955)]

Movements

* I. Vivace Assai
* II. Allegretto in double variation form.
* III. Menuet e Trio
* IV Finale: Vivace

Nickname (the Bear)

The symphony has long been popularly referred to as "the Bear". As with the nicknames of all Haydn's symphonies, it did not originate with the composer. Instead, the name derives from a recurring feature from the last movement (including its famous opening), in which Haydn intimates the tonality of a bagpipes or Dudelsack: a low sustained drone, accentuated by a grace-note on the downbeat. This curious tonality prompted an 1829 piano arrangement of the symphony to be entitled "Danse de l'Ours," the earliest known printed appearance of the nickname. [Bernard Harrison, Haydn: The "Paris" Symphonies (Cambridge University Press, 1998), p. 101] This is a reference to the music used to accompany dancing bears — bear-baiting being a popular form of street entertainment. [Emanuel Winternitz, "Bagpipes and Hurdy-Gurdies in Their Social Setting," The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin, New Series, Vol. 2, No. 1 (Summer, 1943), pp. 56-83]

Notes

References

*Bernard Harrison, "Haydn: The "Paris" Symphonies" (Cambridge University Press, 1998)
*H.C. Robbins Landon, "The Symphonies of Joseph Haydn" (Universal Edition and Rockliff, 1955)
*DP Schroeder, "Haydn and the Enlightenment: the late symphonies and their audience" (Oxford University Press, 1997)

ee also

*List of symphonies by name