Continuity Irish Republican Army

Continuity Irish Republican Army (Óglaigh na hÉireann)
Participant in The Troubles and Dissident Irish Republican Campaign 1998 - Present
A CIRA propaganda picture
Active	1994 – present
Leaders	Continuity Army Council
Area of operations	Northern Ireland (mostly) and Republic of Ireland
Originated as	Provisional Irish Republican Army
Opponents	United Kingdom

The Continuity Irish Republican Army, otherwise known as the Continuity IRA (CIRA) and styling itself as Óglaigh na hÉireann, is an Irish republican paramilitary organisation that aims to bring about a united Ireland. It emerged from a split in the Provisional IRA in 1986 but did not become active until the Provisional IRA ceasefire of 1994. It is designated as an illegal organisation in the Republic of Ireland and as a terrorist organisation in the United Kingdom and the United States.

The CIRA considers itself a direct continuation of the Irish Republican Army (the army of the unilaterally-declared 1919–1922 Irish Republic) that fought in the Irish War of Independence; as such, its supporters regard it as the national army of a 32 county Irish Republic.

Its main targets are the security forces of Northern Ireland. This includes the British Army and the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). To date, it has been responsible for the death of one PSNI officer.^[1]

Origins

1986 IRA General Army Convention

The Continuity IRA has its origins in a split in the Provisional IRA. In September 1986, the Provisional IRA held a meeting of its General Army Convention (GAC), the organisation’s supreme decision-making body. It was the first GAC in 16 years. The meeting, which like all such meetings was secret, was convened to discuss among other resolutions, the articles of the Provisional IRA constitution which dealt with abstentionism, its opposition to the taking of seats in Dáil Éireann.^[2] The GAC passed motions (by the necessary two-thirds majority) allowing members of the Provisional IRA to discuss and debate the taking of parliamentary seats, and the removal of the ban on members of the organisation from supporting any successful republican candidate who took their seat in Dáil Éireann.^[3][4]

The Provisional IRA convention delegates opposed to the change in the Constitution claimed that the convention was gerrymandered "by the creation of new IRA organisational structures for the convention, including the combinations of Sligo-Roscommon-Longford and Wicklow-Wexford-Waterford."^[5] The only IRA body that supported this viewpoint was the outgoing IRA Executive. Those members of the outgoing Executive who opposed the change comprised a quorum. They met, dismissed those in favour of the change, and set up a new Executive. They contacted Tom Maguire, who had legitimated the Provisionals in 1969, and asked him for support. Maguire had also been contacted by supporters of Gerry Adams, then and now President of Sinn Féin, and a supporter of the change in the Provisional IRA constitution. Maguire rejected Adams' supporters, supported the IRA Executive members opposed to the change, and named the new organisers the Continuity Army Council.^[6] In a 1986 statement, he rejected "the legitimacy of an Army Council styling itself the Council of the Irish Republican Army which lends support to any person or organisation styling itself as Sinn Féin and prepared to enter the partition parliament of Leinster House." In 1987, Maguire described the "Continuity Executive" as the "lawful Executive of the Irish Republican Army."^[7]

Claim to legitimacy

Main article: Irish republican legitimatism

Thus, similar to the claim put forward by the Provisional IRA after its split from the Official IRA in 1969, the Continuity IRA claims to be the legitimate continuation of the 'Irish Republican Army' or Óglaigh na hÉireann.^[8] This argument is based on the view that the surviving anti-Treaty members of the Second Dáil delegated their "authority" to the IRA Army Council in 1938. As further justification for this claim, Tom Maguire, one of those anti-Treaty members of the Second Dáil, issued a statement in favour of the Continuity IRA as he had done in 1969 in favour of the Provisionals. J. Bowyer Bell, in his The Irish Troubles, describes Maguire's opinion in 1986, "abstentionism was a basic tenet of republicanism, a moral issue of principle. Abstentionism gave the movement legitimacy, the right to wage war, to speak for a Republic all but established in the hearts of the people".^[9] Maguire's stature was such that a delegation from Gerry Adams sought his support in 1986, but was rejected.^[10]

Relationship to other organisations

These changes within the military wing of the Republican Movement were accompanied by changes in the political wing and at the 1986 Sinn Féin Ard Fheis (party conference), which followed the IRA Convention, the party's policy of abstentionism, which forbade Sinn Féin elected representatives from taking seats in the Oireachtas, the parliament of Ireland, was dropped. On November 2, the 628 delegates present cast their votes, the result being 429 to 161. The traditionalists, having lost at both conventions, walked out of the Mansion House, met that evening at the West County Hotel, and reformed as Republican Sinn Féin.^[11]

According to a report in the Cork Examiner, the Continuity IRA's first chief of staff was Dáithí Ó Conaill,^[12] who also served as the first chairman of RSF from 1986 to 1987. The Continuity IRA and RSF perceive themselves as forming a "true" Republican Movement.^[13]

Structure and status

The leadership of the Continuity IRA is believed to be based in the Munster and Ulster areas. It is alleged that its chief of staff is a Limerick man and that a number of other key members are from that county. He is believed to have been in this position since the death of Dáithí Ó Conaill, the first chief of staff, in 1991.^[12] In 2004 the United States (US) government believed the Continuity IRA consisted of fewer than fifty hardcore activists.^[14] In 2005, Irish Minister for Justice, Equality and Law Reform Michael McDowell told Dáil Éireann that the organisation had a maximum of 150 members.^[15]

The CIRA is an illegal organisation under UK (section 11(1) of the Terrorism Act 2000) and Irish law due to the use of 'IRA' in the group's name in a situation analogous to that of the Real Irish Republican Army (RIRA).^[16][17] Membership of the organisation is punishable by a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment under UK law.^[18] On 13 July 2004, the US government designated the CIRA as a 'Foreign Terrorist Organization' (FTO).^[19] This made it illegal for Americans to provide material support to the CIRA, requires US financial institutions to block the group's assets and denies alleged CIRA members visas into the US.^[20]

External aid and arsenal

The US government suspects the Continuity IRA of having received funds and arms from supporters in the United States. Security sources in Ireland have expressed the suspicion that, in cooperation with the RIRA, the Continuity IRA may have acquired arms and material from the Balkans. They also suspect that the Continuity IRA arsenal contains some weapons that were taken from Provisional IRA arms dumps, including a few dozen rifles, machine guns, and pistols; a small amount of the explosive Semtex; and a few dozen detonators.^[21]

Activities

Main article: Chronology of Continuity Irish Republican Army actions

CIRA propaganda video

Initially, the Continuity IRA did not reveal its existence, either in the form of press statements or paramilitary activity. Although the Garda Síochána had suspicions that the organisation existed, they were unsure of its name, labelling it the "Irish National Republican Army".^[22] On 21 January 1994, on the 75th anniversary of the First Dáil Éireann, Continuity IRA volunteers offered a "final salute" to Tom Maguire by firing over his grave, and a public statement and a photo were published in Saoirse Irish Freedom.^[23]

It was only after the Provisional IRA declared a ceasefire in 1994 that the Continuity IRA became active, announcing its intention to continue the campaign against British rule. The CIRA continues to oppose the Belfast Agreement and, unlike the Provisional IRA (and the Real IRA in 1998), the CIRA has not announced a ceasefire or agreed to participate in weapons decommissioning—nor is there any evidence that it will. In the 18th Independent Monitoring Commission's report, the RIRA, the CIRA and the Irish National Liberation Army (INLA) were deemed a potential future threat. The CIRA was labeled "active, dangerous and committed and... capable of a greater level of violent and other crime". Like the RIRA and Óglaigh na hÉireann, it too sought funds for expansion. It is also known to have worked with the INLA.^[24]

The CIRA has been involved in a number of bombing and shooting incidents. Targets of the CIRA have included the British military, the Northern Ireland police service (Royal Ulster Constabulary, Police Service of Northern Ireland) and Ulster loyalist paramilitaries. By 2005 the CIRA was believed to be an established presence on the island of Great Britain with the capability of launching attacks.^[25] A bomb defused in Dublin in December 2005 was believed to have been the work of the CIRA.^[26] In February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission (IMC) blamed the CIRA for planting four bombs in Northern Ireland during the final quarter of 2005, as well as several hoax bomb warnings.^[27] The IMC also blamed the CIRA for the killings of two former CIRA members in Belfast, who had stolen CIRA weapons and established a rival organisation. ^[28]

The CIRA continued to be active in both planning and undertaking attacks on the Police Service of Northern Ireland (PSNI). The IMC said they tried to create troubles to lure police forth, while they have also taken to stoning and using petrol bombs. In addition, other assaults, robbery, tiger kidnapping, extortion, fuel laundering and smuggling were undertaken by the group. The CIRA also actively took part in recruiting and training members, including disgruntled former Provisional IRA members. As a result of this continued activity the IMC said the group remained "a very serious threat".^[29]

On 10 March 2009 the CIRA claimed responsibility for the fatal shooting of a PSNI officer in Craigavon, County Armagh—the first police fatality in Northern Ireland since 1998. The officer was shot dead by a sniper as he and a colleague investigated "suspicious activity" at a house nearby when a window was smashed by youths causing the occupant to phone the police. The PSNI officers responded to the emergency call, giving a CIRA sniper the chance to shoot and kill officer Stephen Carroll.^[30][31]

Internal tension

In 2005, several members of the CIRA, who were serving prison sentences in Portlaoise Prison for paramilitary activity, left the organisation. Some transferred to the INLA landing of the prison, but the majority of those who left are now independent and on E4 landing. The remaining CIRA prisoners have moved to D Wing. Supporters of the Continuity IRA leadership claim that this resulted from an internal disagreement, which although brought to a conclusion, was followed by some people leaving the organisation anyway. Supporters of the disaffected members established the Concerned Group for Republican Prisoners in their support. Most of those who had left went back to the CIRA, or dissociated themselves from the CGRP. The group now defunct.

In February 2006, the Independent Monitoring Commission claimed in a report on paramilitary activity that two groups, styling themselves as Saoirse na hÉireann and Óglaigh na hÉireann, had been formed after a split in the Continuity IRA.^[32]

References

1. ^ Sutton Index of Deaths. CAIN.
2. ^ J Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army: The IRA, Poolbeg, revised third edition, Dublin, 1997, ISBN 1-85371-813-0
3. ^ "A Chronology of the Conflict - 1986". CAIN. http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/othelem/chron/ch86.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 
4. ^ "Essentially since the spring of 1972, the crucial player in the armed struggle has been the Provisional IRA—now the IRA. (Authors Italics) J. Bowyer Bell, IRA: Tactics & Targets, Poolbeg, First Published 1990, Reprinted 1993, This Edition 1998, Dublin, ISBN 1-85371-603-0.
5. ^ Robert White, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary, 2006, p. 309.
6. ^ Robert White, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, the Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. 2006. Indiana University Press. p310
7. ^ Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, Dilseacht, The Story of Comdt. General Tom Maguire and the Second (all-Ireland) Dáil, 1997, pp. 65-66.
8. ^ van Engeland, Anisseh (2008). From Terrorism to Politics (Ethics and Global Politics). Ashgate Publishing. p. 55. ISBN 978-0754649908. 
9. ^ J. Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army, The IRA, Poolbeg, revised third edition, Dublin, 1997, ISBN 1-85371-813-0, p. 575.
10. ^ Robert W. White, Ruairí Ó Brádaigh, The Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary, 2006, p. 310.
11. ^ J Bowyer Bell, The Secret Army, The IRA, Poolbeg, revised third edition, Dublin, 1997, ISBN 1-85371-813-0
12. ^ ^{a b} "CIRA bomb adds to growing crisis in the peace process". Irish Examiner. 2 July 2000. http://archives.tcm.ie/irishexaminer/2000/02/07/current/opinionpage_9.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-17. 
13. ^ See text of Ruairí Ó Brádaigh's 2005 Bodenstown oration
14. ^ "Continuity Irish Republican Army (CIRA)". Federation of American Scientists. 13 July 2004. http://www.fas.org/irp/world/para/cira.htm. Retrieved 2007-05-18. 
15. ^ "Parliamentary Debates (Official Report - Unrevised)". Dáil Éireann. 23 June 2005. http://debates.oireachtas.ie/DDebate.aspx?F=DAL20050623.xml&Node=H10-1#H10-1. Retrieved 2007-05-18. 
16. ^ "Statutory Rules and Orders, 1939, No. 162. Unlawful Organisation (Suppression) Order, 1939". Irish Statute Book Database. http://www.irishstatutebook.ie/ZZSI162Y1939.html. Retrieved 2007-05-05. 
17. ^ Kate O'Hanlon (25 May 2005). "Membership of Real IRA was a terrorism offence". The Independent. http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050525/ai_n14641324. Retrieved 2007-05-03. ^{[dead link]}
18. ^ "House of Commons Hansard Debates for 30 October 2002 (pt 8)". House of Commons. 30 October 2002. http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo021030/debtext/21030-08.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-17. 
19. ^ US Department of State, Office of Counterterrorism Fact sheet 2005
20. ^ "CIRA added to US terror list". London: BBC News. 13 July 2004. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/3891791.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-18. 
21. ^ "Decommissioning - how big a task?". London: BBC News. 5 July 1999. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/386434.stm. Retrieved 2007-05-18. 
22. ^ David Kerr (1997). "The Continuity IRA". Ulster Nation. http://www.ulsternation.org.uk/continuity_ira.htm. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
23. ^ "Final Salute to Comdt-General Tom Maguire," Saoirse, Feabhra-February, 1994, p. 2; see also, Robert White, Ruairi O Bradaigh, the Life and Politics of an Irish Revolutionary. 2006. Indiana University Press, pp. 323-24.
24. ^ IMC May 2008 Report
25. ^ Martin Bright and Henry McDonald (20 March 2005). "Irish terror groups 'to hit London'". The Observer. http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1441975,00.html. Retrieved 2007-05-18. 
26. ^ "Continuity IRA link suspected in M50 alert". RTÉ. 9 December 2005. http://www.rte.ie/news/2005/1209/m50.html. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 
27. ^ Independent Monitoring Commission (1 February 2006) (PDF). Eighth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission. The Stationery Office. pp. 13–14. http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/8th%20IMC%20Report.pdf. Retrieved 2007-05-06. 
28. ^ Independent Monitoring Commission (7 November 2007) (PDF). Seventeenth report of the Independent Monitoring Commission. The Stationery Office. pp. 9–10. http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/17th_IMC.pdf. Retrieved 2008-02-10. 
29. ^ "Twentieth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission" (PDF). The Stationary Office. 2008-11-10. http://www.independentmonitoringcommission.org/documents/uploads/Twentieth%20Report.pdf. Retrieved 2008-12-28. 
30. ^ "Continuity IRA shot dead officer". London: BBC News. 2009-03-10. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/7934426.stm. Retrieved 2009-03-10. 
31. ^ "Continuity IRA claims PSNI murder". RTÉ News and Current Affairs. 2009-03-10. http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0310/craigavon.html. Retrieved 2009-03-10. ^{[dead link]}
32. ^ Eighth Report of the Independent Monitoring Commission, 1 February 2006