- Top-up fees
Top-up fees (not their official name) are a new way of charging
tuition toundergraduate andPGCE student s who study at universities in England and Wales from the2006 -2007 academic year onwards. Students who started degree courses before this year continue to pay the old fees.How the fees work
Between the early nineties and 2007 most British students (except Scottish students studying in Scotland) payed a contribution towards their tuition fees (anything from £0-£1,250 a year). The amount they payed was based on their or their
parent s'income (called means-testing) in thetax year preceding eachacademic year . The fees were paid up front during each academic year. In addition, students were entitled to a means-testedstudent loan of up to around £4,000. The loan was separate from the tuition fees and is paid back by the student after they have graduated. It was repaid at the rate of 9% of gross income over £15,000 a year (different limits apply to unearned income and non-residents). Theinterest rate on loans was changed on1 September each year and the annual rate was set to the Retail price index increase the previous April (making the loans interest-free in real terms).The new top-up fees operate as follows (figures are given for the academic year 2006-2007, and will rise by no more than the
inflation rate until 2010):Universities are able to charge students anything from £0 up to a maximum of £3,000 per year. In order to charge more than a basic £1,250 fee universities must satisfy a new
Office for Fair Access (OFFA) that their admissions policies are equitable. Nearly all universities have chosen to charge the full £3,000. All Scottish universities charge £1,700 per year (£2,700 for medical courses), but only to non Scottish students (see below).Rather than pay the fees up front (as was the case previously), they are usually paid by the government-owned
Student Loans Company (SLC), the same body that currently provides student loans. The exception to this is for those undertaking a second course of Higher Education in their lifetime, if the previous course was a successfully attained Honours degree, save for a few 'Professional' qualifications where only Maintenance Loans will be made available. For those who have previously studied partway through a course, or studied for ordinary degrees etc., a minefield of special rules and calculations await.The SLC continues to pay means-tested Student Maintenance Loans directly to students. Students will repay their loans "and" tuition fees after graduation in the same income-dependent way as at present. Interest on the loans will still be tied to inflation, so they have a zero 'real' rate of interest.
In addition to student loans, new means-tested grants are available to students from lower-to-mid-income families, and universities have started to offer a range of bursaries for students. The
Training and Development Agency for Schools partially pays the fees of PGCE students.Whether the new fees apply varies depending on where the student is from and where they go to university:
* English and Northern Irish students pay top-up fees wherever they study in the UK
* Welsh students pay top-up fees in England, Scotland or Northern Ireland, but only at £1,250 a year if they remain in Wales or study a course elsewhere that is not available at any Welsh university
* Scottish students pay top-up fees in England, Wales or Northern Ireland; if they remain in Scotland, they pay a £2,145 endowment upon graduation
* EU students pay fees as if they came from the nation they are studying in (in other words, always the lowest amount)
* International students continue to pay their university's international fees, which are typically even higher than top-up feesMany perceive the charging system to be unfair and possibly even
racist .Fact|date=September 2008 It has been suggested that the Welsh system in particular, where theNational Assembly for Wales partially pays for only Welsh students' fees, could be ruled illegal [cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/4118470.stm |publisher=BBC News |title=Legal warning on top-up fees deal |format= |work= |accessdate=2008-06-17 |date=2005-06-22] .Introduction of top-up fees
Legislation to enable the introduction of top-up fees was proposed by the Labour PartySecretary of State for Education ,Charles Clarke and becamelaw in theHigher Education Act 2004 . The law came into effect for the2006 -2007 academic year.Controversy
This became law despite the Labour
manifesto 2001 [ [http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/e01/man/lab/lab01.htm] ] promise reading: "We have no plans to introduce University top-up fees, and have legislated to prevent their introduction." The Labour Party has publicly defended this decision, by saying that the manifesto commitments only apply to the 2001 - 2005 Parliament, and that the legislation introducing top-up fees will not take effect this Parliament. However, many members and supporters of the Labour Party, as well as many Labour Members of Parliament, are angry at this mechanism of defence.In the key vote in the House of Commons, the Government (which at the time had an overall majority of some 160 seats out of 660) only barely managed to contain a rebellion among its own MPs - the voting was a mere 5 votes in the Government's favour, and was the closest it had come to defeat in the Commons since being elected in
1997 . The vote attracted further controversy because 46Scottish Labour MPs - to whose constituents the fees would not apply - had voted with the Government [ [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3432767.stm] ] (seeWest Lothian question ).Arguments for and against
Since each institution will be able to vary the fee they charge and be able to keep the revenue raised this way, the Government claims this means that over-subscribed and popular universities can charge more money, while institutions that may be struggling can charge less to attract more students. Supporters say that the abolition of upfront fees should encourage more young people to apply.
However, due to the current funding crisis in UK higher education, it is likely that many institutions will be forced to charge the full fee, removing this incentive. Instead, critics claim students will be put off from studying due to the large amount of
debt they will have to incur to study, with only richfamilies being able to afford this amount of debt, thus makinghigher education less widely available. As evidence in support of this theory, UCAS have reported a fall of 12,000 applicants for the year 2006-2007. It has transpired that almost all universities in England have charged the full £3,000 for all their courses, with the market being made in the nature and size of the various 'access' bursaries that are offered.There is also the problem that higher income families will not necessarily fund their children in university, which means extra debt for the student. Many students have to try to work almost full time jobs to help pay their tuition costs and live, which gives them much less effective time to study.
Repercussions
Overall numbers of students applying to higher education fell across the board following the introduction of top-up fees [Cite web |date=2008-03-27| publisher=BBC News |title=Higher fees hit student numbers | accessdate = 2008-06-17 | url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/7316533.stm] .
ee also
*
Office for Fair Access
*Higher Education Act 2004 References
External links
* [http://www.dfes.gov.uk/studentsupport/students/new_2006_finance_ar.shtml Department for Education and Skills factsheet]
* [http://www.legislation.hmso.gov.uk/acts/acts2004/20040008.htm Text of Higher Education Act 2004, which introduced top-up fees]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/3013272.stm BBC News Q&A: Student Fees]
* [http://education.guardian.co.uk/students/finance/story/0,12728,1541891,00.html The Guardian: All Change] (guide to fees)
* [http://www.slc.co.uk Student Loans Company] (the body responsible for providing and administering student loans in the UK)
* [http://www.surreycc.gov.uk/sccwebsite/sccwspages.nsf/LookupWebPagesByTITLE_RTF/Previous+attendance+on+a+course+of+higher+education?opendocument An insight into the problems a prior HE student will face upon attempting further study, from Surrey LEA]
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