Battle of Lesnaya

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Battle of Lesnaya
partof=the Great Northern War


caption="Battle of Lesnaya" by Jean-Marc Nattier, painted 1717
date=September 28, 1708
place=Lesnaya, Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
(present day Belarus)
result=Russian victory [Swedish historians and sources claim it was a draw or a Swedish victory.]
combatant1=
combatant2=
commander1=General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt
commander2=Tsar Peter the Great
strength1=8,300 engaged [Liljegren, B., 2000. "Karl XII: En Biografi". p 162.]
strength2=5,000 infantry, 7,000 cavalry engaged. |casualties1=1,000 killed, 4,000 missing and supply wagons captured [Lars Ericson: "Svenska Slagfält", p.287–290. Wahlström & Widstrand 2003. About 1,500 of the missing Swedes later made their way back to Curland.]
casualties2=1,111 killed; 2,856 wounded

The Battle of Lesnaya was one of the decisive battles of the Great Northern War. It took place on September 28, 1708 between a Russian army of 12,000 (14,500 by Swedish sources) men commanded by Princes Repnin and Menshikov and a Swedish force of 16,000 (12,500 by Swedish sources) men, under the command of General Adam Ludwig Lewenhaupt, at the village of Lesnaya, located on the border between the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth and Russia (now the village of Lisna, south-east of Mahilyow in Belarus).

Background

Early Swedish victories at Copenhagen and at the Battle of Narva in 1700 knocked both Denmark and Russia temporarily out of the war. However, Charles was unable to bring the war to a conclusion, and it would be eight years before he dealt with the remaining combatant Charles Augustus of Saxony-Poland. During this time Peter rebuilt his army into modern form, basing it primarily on infantry trained to properly use linear tactics and modern firearms. He then achieved a stunning propaganda victory in Livonia, where he established the city of Saint Petersburg. Incensed, Charles ordered a fatal attack on the Russian heartland with an assault on Moscow from his campaign base in Poland.

Lewenhaupt, one of Sweden's foremost generals, was the commander of one of Sweden's best armies, based at the Baltic Sea port of Riga. In the summer of 1708, King Charles XII of Sweden ordered him to march southward with most of his force and link up with Charles' main army of 25,000 men, based in Poland. Lewenhaupt was to bring a fresh supply of ammunition and food to support the Swedish army in a proposed march on the Russian capital of Moscow.

However, Lewenhaupt found that gathering the needed supplies and preparing the army for an overland march took longer than expected, and on September 15, after waiting for Lewenhaupt for weeks, Charles XII abandoned his camps and decided to invade the Ukraine, hoping to reach that rich granary before winter. At the time, Lewenhaupt was only about 80 miles from Charles' position.

The Russians observed these movements and Peter decided the time was ripe to attack Lewenhaupt's smaller force before it could be supported by Charles. He and Menshikov moved quickly to intercept the Swedish force and prevented it from crossing the Sozh River to safety. Lewenhaupt was not fazed; no Swedish army had yet been defeated by the Russians in eight years of war. He moved to fight Peter's army.

Battle

The battle itself was closely contested and both forces suffered heavy casualties. Late in the day, a snowstorm, something rare for September even in Russia, kicked up. The Swedes became disorganized and Lewenhaupt ordered his men to retreat, while burning the much-needed supply wagons behind them. Menshikov now ordered his cavalry to attack one more time, and routed the Swedes. Kalmyks and Cossacks then completed the Russian victory by taking hundreds of prisoners.

Results

The Swedes lost 1,000 men dead and 4,000 missing in the battle. Russian casualties totaled 1,111 killed and 2,856 wounded, about one-third of those engaged.

Lewenhaupt decided to rejoin Charles with all speed, so he abandoned the cannon, the cattle and most of the food, driving the soldiers to mutiny. Stealing all of the alcohol, the soldiers became drunk, and Lewenhaupt was forced to leave about 1,000 men drunk in the woods. By the time they finally reached Charles and the main force on October 8, no supplies and only 6,000 men remained, only increasing his problem of feeding the army.

The greatest significance of the Russian victory at Lesnaya was that it convinced the Russian soldiers that they could defeat even Sweden's best soldiers. This new-found confidence served them well in the 1709 campaign in which Peter destroyed Charles' main Swedish army. Peter referred to Lesnaya as "the mother of the Battle of Poltava."

Note

Sweden had its own calendar between 1700 and 1712, so in the Swedish calendar the battle of Lesnaya took place on September 29, 1708.

References

Literature

* History of the Art of War - История военного искусства / Под общ. ред П.Д. Ротмистрова. — М., 1963. - T.I. - С. 132-135.
* History of the Northern War - История Северной войны. 1700—1721. / Отв. ред. И.И. Ростунов. — М., 1987. С. 73-76.
* The Book of Marsov or of Affairs of War - Книга Марсова или воинских дел. — Изд.2. — СПб., 1766.
* Kresnovsky's History of the Russian Army, from Narva to Paris: 1700-1814 - Кресновский А.А. История русской армии: В 4-х т. — М., 1992. — T.I. От Нарвы до Парижа 1700—1814. — С. 35—36.
* Letters and papers by Emperor Peter the Great - Письма и бумаги императора Петра Великого. — Т.5. — СПб., 1907.
* Soviet War Encyclopaedia - Советская военная энциклопедия: В 8-й т. / Гл. ред. комис. Н.В. Огарков (пред.) и др. — М., 1977. — Т.4. — С. 624.
* Strokov's History of the Art of War - Строков А.А. История военного искусства. —М., 1955. —T.I. — С. 496.

External links

* [http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_lesnaja.html Description of the battle at www.historyofwar.org (English)]
* [http://www.hronos.km.ru/sobyt/lesnaya1708.html Battle of Lesnaya at Hronos.km.ru (Russian)]