- Exodusters
Exodusters was a name given to black Americans who fled the
Southern United States forKansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution ofslavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live. Many settled in Kansas because of its fame as the land of the abolitionist John Brown (1800–1859). The state was reputed to be more progressive and tolerant than most others. Separatist leaders such asBenjamin "Pap" Singleton had promoted it among black Americans.The
Kansas Exodus was an unorganized mass migration which began in 1879. Local relief agencies, such as the Kansas Freedman's Relief Association, did try to provide aid, but they could never do enough to meet the needs of the impoverished migrants. The Exodusters continued coming to Kansas through the summer of 1880; then the movement died out.Academic references
* Athearn, Robert G. "Black Exodus: The Migration of 1879." "The Prairie Scout" 3 (1975): 86-97.
* Jack, Bryan M. [http://press.umsystem.edu/fall2007/jack.htm "The St. Louis African American Community and the Exodusters."] Columbia and London: The University of Missouri Press, 2008.
* Painter, Nell Irvin. "Exodusters: Black Migration to Kansas after Reconstruction." New York: Alfred Knopf, 1977.
* Schwendemann, Glen. "Nicodemus: Negro Haven on the Solomon." "Kansas Historical Quarterly" 34 (spring 1968): 10-31.
* Schwendemann, Glen. "St. Louis and the 'Exodusters' of 1879." "Journal of Negro History" 46 (January 1961): 32-46.
* Schwendemann, Glen. "Wyandotte and the First 'Exodusters' of 1879." "Kansas Historical Quarterly" 26 (autumn 1960): 233-249.
* Strickland, Arvarh E. "Toward the Promised Land: The Exodus to Kansas and Afterward." "Missouri Historical Review" 69 (July 1975): 376-412.
* Van Deusen, John G. "The Exodusters of 1879." "Journal of Negro History" 21 (April 1936): 111-129.
* Williams, Nudie E. "Black Newspapers and the Exodusters of 1879." "Kansas History" 8 (winter 1985/86): 217-225
* Ilanot 08.....
Exodusters in fiction
*
Gabriel's Story , byDavid Anthony Durham .External links
* [http://www.pbs.org/weta/thewest/program/episodes/seven/theexodust.htm (PBS "The West" "Exodusters")]
* [http://www.kshs.org/cool3/exoduster.htm (Kansas State Historical Society, Exoduster Flier)]
* Campney, Brent M. S. [http://www.southernspaces.org/contents/2007/campney/1a.htm This is Not Dixie] "Southern Spaces" 6 September 2007US-hist-stub ilanot 08!!!
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