Atlas (mythology)

In Greek mythology, Atlas (Eng. /'æt ləs/ Gk. Ἄτλας) was the primordial Titan who supported the heavens. Atlas was the son of the Titan Iapetus and the Oceanid Asia [Pseudo-Apollodorus, "Bibliotheke" i.2.3.] or Klyménē (Κλυμένη): [Hesiod ("Theogony" 359 [as a daughter of Tethys] , 507) gives her name as Clymene but Apollodorus (1.8) gives instead the name "Asia", as does Lycophron (1411). It is possible that the name "Asia" became preferred over Hesiod's "Clymene" to avoid confusion with what must be a different Oceanid named Clymene, who was mother of Phaethon by Helios in some accounts.]

"Now Iapetus took to wife the neat-ankled maid Clymene, daughter of Ocean, and went up with her into one bed. And she bare him a stout-hearted son, Atlas: also she bare very glorious Menoetius and clever Prometheus, full of various wiles, and scatter-brained Epimetheus." [Hesiod, "Theogony" 507ff.]

Hyginus emphasises the primordial nature of Atlas by making him the son of Aether and Gaia. [Hyginus, Preface to "Fabulae".] In contexts where a Titan and a Titaness are assigned each of the seven planetary powers, Atlas is paired with Phoebe and governs the moon. [Classical sources: Homer, "Iliad" v.898; Apollonius Rhodius ii. 1232; "Bibliotheke" i.1.3; Hesiod, "Theogony" 113; Stephanus of Byzantium, under "Adana"; Aristophanes "Birds" 692ff; Clement of Rome "Homilies vi.4.72.] He had three brothers — Prometheus, Epimetheus and Menoetius. [Hesiod, "Theogony" 371]

Punishment

Atlas, along with his brother Menoetius, sided with the Titans in their war against the Olympians, the Titanomachy. His brothers Prometheus and Epimetheus weighed the odds and betrayed the other Titans by forming an alliance with the Olympians. When the Titans were defeated, many of them (including Menoetius) were confined to Tartarus, but Zeus condemned Atlas to stand at the western edge of Gaia, the Earth and hold up Ouranos, the Sky on his shoulders, to prevent the two from resuming their primordial embrace. Thus he was "Atlas Telamon", "enduring Atlas."A common misconception is that Atlas was forced to hold the Earth on his shoulders, but this is incorrect. Classical art shows Atlas holding a Celestial Sphere, not a Globe.

Variations

In a late story, [Polyeidos, Fragment 837; Ovid, "Metamorphoses" 4.627] a giant named Atlas tried to drive a wandering Perseus from the place where the Atlas mountains now stand. Later, out of pity, Athena revealed Medusa's head, turning Atlas to stone. As is not uncommon in myth, this account cannot be reconciled with the far more common stories of Atlas' dealings with Heracles, who was Perseus' great-grandson.

According to Plato, the first king of Atlantis was also named Atlas, but that Atlas was a mortal son of Poseidon. [Plato, "Critias] A euhemerist origin for Atlas was as a legendary Atlas, king of Mauretania, an expert astronomer.

Encounter with Heracles

One of the hero Heracles' Twelve Labors involved the acquisition of some of the golden apples which grow in Hera's garden, tended by the Hesperides and guarded by the dragon Ladon. Heracles went to Atlas, the father of the Hesperides, and offered to hold the heavens for a little while in exchange for the apples, to which Atlas agreed. This would be an easy task for Atlas since he is related to the Hesperides who tend the apples in Hera's garden. Upon his return with the apples, however, Atlas attempted to trick Heracles into carrying the sky permanently by offering to deliver the apples himself. Heracles, suspecting Atlas didn't intend to return again, pretended to agree to Atlas' offer, asking only that Atlas take the sky again for a few minutes so Heracles could rearrange his cloak as padding on his shoulders. When Atlas set down the apples and took the heavens upon his shoulders again, Heracles took the apples and ran away.In some versions, Heracles instead built the two great Pillars of Hercules to hold the sky away from the earth, liberating Atlas much as he liberated Prometheus.

Etymology

The etymology of the name "Atlas" is uncertain and still debated. Virgil took pleasure in translating etymologies of Greek names by combining them with adjectives that explained them: for Atlas his adjective is "durus", "hard, enduring", ["Aeneid" iv.247: "Atlantis duri" and other instances; see Robert W. Cruttwell, "Virgil, Aeneid, iv. 247: 'Atlantis Duri'" "The Classical Review" 59.1 (May 1945), p. 11.] which suggested to George Doig [George Doig, "Vergil's Art and the Greek Language" "The Classical Journal" 64.1 (October 1968, pp. 1-6) p. 2.] that Virgil was aware of the Greek τλήναι "to endure"; Doig offers the further possibility that Virgil was aware of Strabo's remark that the native North African name for this mountain was "Douris". [Strabo, 17.3; since the Atlas mountains rise in the region inhabited by Berbers, it could be that the name is taken from one of the Berber languages.]

Some modern linguists derive it and its Greek root from the Proto-Indo-European root "*tel", 'to uphold, support'; othersFact|date July 2007|date=July 2007 suggest that it is a pre-Indo-European name. The Etruscan name for Atlas, "aril", is etymologically independent. [Paolo Martino, "Il nome Etrusco di Atlante" (Rome: Università di Roma) 1987.]

Cultural influence

Atlas' best-known cultural association is in cartography. The first publisher to associate the Titan Atlas with a group of maps was Antonio Lafreri, on the title-page to "Tavole Moderne Di Geografia De La Maggior Parte Del Mondo Di Diversi Autori"; however, he did not use the word "atlas" in the title of his work, an innovation of Mercator who dedicated his "atlas" specifically "to honour the Titan, Atlas, King of Mauritania, a learned philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer."

Since the middle of the sixteenth century, any collection of cartographic maps has come to be called an atlas. Gerardus Mercator was the first to use the word in this way, and he actually depicted the astronomer king.Atlas continues to be a commonly used icon in western culture (and advertising), as a symbol of strength or stoic endurance. He is often shown kneeling on one knee while supporting an enormous round globe on his back and shoulders. The globe originally represented the celestial sphere of ancient astronomy, rather than the earth. The use of the term atlas as a name for collections of terrestrial maps and the modern understanding of the earth as a spheredubious have combined to inspire the many depictions of Atlas' burden as the earth.

Atlas is seen on the cover of Van Halen's album "5150."

Atlas was used as a symbol in Ayn Rand's novel, Atlas Shrugged. Atlas is used as a metaphor for the people who produced the most in society, and therefore "hold up the world" in a metaphorical sense.

"Mickey à travers les siècles" ("Mickey Through the Centuries") was a French comic strip series published in the early 1970s featuring Mickey Mouse as a time traveller who assisted Heracles in his twelve tasks. The story gave a Euhemerist spin on the legend of Atlas, depicted as an ordinary king with a passion for geography. He builds a large globe representing the Earth, and he and Heracles carry it to a suitable location. The Hesperides are his daughters and the golden apples are oranges.

In the Worlds Strongest Man competitions, competitors have to carry huge stone boulders across a small distance. These stones are known as the "Atlas Stones".

Children

Sources describe Atlas as the father, by different goddesses, of numerous children, mostly daughters. Some of these are assigned conflicting or overlapping identities or parentage in different sources.
*by Hesperis, the Hesperides; [Diodorus Siculus, "The Library of History" 4.26.2]
*by Pleione (or Aithra [Hyginus, "Astronomica" 2.21; Ovid, "Fasti" 5.164] ):*the Hyades, [Hyginus, "Fabulae" 192] :*a son, Hyas, [Hyginus, "Fabulae" 192] :*the Pleiades; [Hesiod, "Works and Days" 383; Apollodorus, 3.110; Ovid, "Fasti" 5.79]
*and by one or more unspecified goddesses:*Calypso, [Homer, "Odyssey" 1.52; Apollodorus, E7.23] :*Dione, [Hyginus, "Fabulae" 82, 83] :*Maera. [Pausanias, "Guide to Greece" 8.12.7, 8.48.6]

ee also

*Atlas (architecture)
*Farnese Atlas

Notes

ources

* [http://www.mapforum.com/01/atlas.htm Origin of "Atlas" for a collection of maps]
*Robert Graves, "The Greek Myths", London: Penguin, 1955; Baltimore: Penguin. ISBN 0-14-001026-2