Mycetophilidae

Mycetophilidae
Tetragoneura sylvatica (Curtis), 1837
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Diptera
Suborder:	Nematocera
Infraorder:	Bibionomorpha
Superfamily:	Sciaroidea
Family:	Mycetophilidae
Genera
See text
Diversity
ca. 150 genera

Mycetophilidae is a family of small flies, forming the bulk of those species known as fungus gnats. There are approximately 3000 described species in 150 genera but the true number of species is undoubtedly much higher. They are generally found in the damp habitats favoured by their host fungi and sometimes form dense swarms.^[1]

Adults of this family can usually be separated from other small flies by the strongly humped thorax, well-developed coxae and often spinose legs but identification within the family between genera and species generally requires close study of microscopic features such as: subtle differences in wing venation, variation in chaetotaxy and genitalia. The terrestrial larvae usually feed on fungi, especially the fruiting bodies but also spores and hyphae, but some species have been recorded on mosses and liverworts. The larvae of some species, while still being associated with fungi, are at least partly predatory.

Bioluminescence

Around a dozen mycetophilid species are unique among flies in displaying bioluminescence ^[2]. In some species this is restricted to the larval stage but in others this feature is retained by the pupae and adults. It has been suggested that the ability to produce their own light is used by some predatory larvae as a lure for potential prey, although it also obviously makes themselves more susceptible to predation or parasitism. These are not true Mycetophilids, but belong to the family Keroplatidae.

Fossil Record

Mycetophilids, including some extant genera, are well represented in amber deposits and the group appears to have been well established and diversified by the Cretaceous period at the latest.

Taxonomy

Some 800 species (including some of the bioluminescent species) have been split into a separate family by Tuomikoski in 1966, Keroplatidae. This split is not universally recognized as yet and many sources still include the keroplatid genera within Mycetophilidae. Other recent families, included here in Mycetophilidae as they are not recognized by all workers are Ditomyiidae, Lygistorrhinidae, Diadocidiidae and Rangomaramidae. The Mycetophilidae sensu lato contain about 330 described genera. These include ^[1][3][4]:

Acadia Acnemia Acomoptera Acomopterella Acrodicrania Adicroneura Aglaomyia Allactoneura Allocotocera Allodia Allodiopsis Anaclileia Anatella Aneura Anomalomyia Apolephthisa Arachnocampa Asindulum Aspidionia Ateleia Austrosciophila Austrosynapha Azana Baeopterogyna Boletina Bolitophila Brachypeza Brevicornu Caladonileia Cawthronia Cerotelion Clastobasis Coelophthinia Coelosia Cordyla Creagdhubhia Cycloneura Diadocidia Ditomyia Docosia Drepanocercus Dynatosoma Dziedzickia

Ectrepesthoneura Epicypta Euceroplatus Eudicrana Exechia Exechiopsis Fenderomyia Garrettella Gnoriste Gracilileia Greenomyia Grzegorzekia Hadroneura Hesperodes Heteropterna Impleta Indoleia Keroplatus Leia Leptomorphus Loicia Lygistorrhina Macrobrachius Macrocera Macrorrhyncha Manota Megalopelma Megophthalmidia Micromacrocera Monoclona Morganiella Mycetophila Mycomya Myrosia Neoallocotocera Neoaphelomera Neoclastobasis Neoempheria Neotrizygia Neuratelia Notolopha Novakia Orfelia

Palaeodocosia Paleoplatyura Paracycloneura Paraleia Paramorganiella Paratinia Paratrizygia Parvicellula Phoenikiella Phronia Phthinia Platurocypta Platyura Polylepta Pseudalysiina Pseudexechia Pseudobrachypeza Pseudorymosia Rondaniella Rymosia Saigusaia Sceptonia Sciophila Sigmoleia Speolepta Stenophragma Sticholeia Stigmatomeria Symmerus Synapha Synplasta Syntemna Tarnania Tasmanina Taxicnemis Tetragoneura Trichonta Trichoterga Trizygia Xenoplatyura Zygomyia Zygophronia

Gallery

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  Mycetophila fungorum (De Geer, 1776)

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  Neoempheria pictipennis (Haliday, 1833)

References

1. ^ ^{a b} Loïc Matile (1999-09-20). "10. Family Mycetophylidae". Australasian/Oceanian Diptera Catalog — Web Version. http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/myceto.html. 
2. ^ John M. Sivinski (1998). "Phototropism, bioluminescence and the Diptera" (PDF). Florida Entomologist (The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 81, No. 3) 81 (3): 282–292. doi:10.2307/3495919. JSTOR 3495919. http://www.fcla.edu/FlaEnt/fe81p282.pdf. 
3. ^ "Mycetophilidae". Fauna Europaea. 2004. http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=11671. 
4. ^ "Nomina - Diptera: M-P". Nearctica. 1998. http://www.nearctica.com/nomina/diptera/dipm-p.htm#anchor165860. 

External links

• Fungus Gnats Online
• Diptera.info Images