- Quadrupole magnet
Quadrupole magnets consist of groups of four
magnet s laid out so that in themultipole expansion of the field the dipole terms cancel and where the lowest significant terms in the field equations arequadrupole . Quadrupole magnets are useful as they create amagnetic field whose magnitude grows rapidly with the radial distance from its longitudinal axis. This is used inparticle beam focusing.The simplest magnetic quadrupole is two identical bar magnets parallel to each other such that the north pole of one is next to the south of the other and vice versa. Such a configuration would have no dipole moment, and its field will decrease at large distances faster than that of a dipole. A stronger version with very little external field involves using a k=3
halbach cylinder .In some designs of quadrupoles using
electromagnet s there are foursteel pole tips: two opposingmagnetic north pole s and two opposing magnetic south poles. The steel is magnetized by a largeelectric current that flows in the coils of tubing wrapped around the poles. Another design is aHelmholtz coil layout but with the current in one of the coils reversed. [ [http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/Hbase/magnetic/magquad.html Quadrupole Magnetic Field ] ]Quadrupoles in particle accelerators
At the speeds reached in high energy
particle accelerator s, magnetic deflection is more powerful than electrostatic, and use of the magnetic term of theLorentz force :: mathbf{F} = q (mathbf{E} + mathbf{v} imes mathbf{B}),
is enabled with various magnets that make up 'the lattice' required to bend, steer and focus a charged
particle beam . The quadrupoles in the lattice are of two types: 'F quadrupoles' (which are horizontally focusing but vertically defocusing) and 'D quadrupoles' (which are vertically focusing but horizontally defocusing). This situation is due to the laws ofelectromagnetism (theMaxwell equations ) which show that it is impossible for a quadrupole to focus in both planes at the same time.If an F quadrupole and a D quadrupole are placed immediately next to each other, their fields completely cancel out (in accordance with
Earnshaw's theorem ). But if there is a space between them (and the length of this has been correctly chosen), the overall effect is focusing in both horizontal and vertical planes. A lattice can then be built up enabling the transport of the beam over long distances - for example round an entire ring. A common lattice is a FODO lattice consisting of a basis of a Focusing quadrupole, 'nothing' (often a bending magnet), a Defocusing quadrupole and another length of 'nothing'.ee also
*
Charged particle beam
*Dipole magnet
*Electron optics
*Halbach cylinder
*Sextupole magnet References
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