Hugh Everett III

Infobox_Scientist
name = Hugh Everett III


caption = Hugh Everett in 1964
birth_date = birth date|1930|11|11|mf=y
birth_place = Maryland, U.S.
death_date = death date and age|1982|7|19|1930|11|11|mf=y
death_place = McLean, Virginia, U.S.
residence = U.S.
nationality = American
field = Physicist
work_institution = Institute for Defense Analyses, Monowave Corporation
alma_mater = The Catholic University of America, Princeton University
doctoral_advisor = John Archibald Wheeler
doctoral_students =
known_for = Many-worlds interpretation, quantum physics
prizes =
religion = Atheist
footnotes = Father of Mark Oliver Everett

Hugh Everett III (November 11, 1930 – July 19, 1982) was an American physicist who first proposed the many-worlds interpretation (MWI) of quantum physics, which he called his "relative state" formulation. He left physics after completing his Ph. D., discouraged at the lack of response to his theories from other physicists. He developed the use of generalized Lagrange multipliers in operations research and applied this commercially as a defense analyst and a consultant, becoming a multi-millionaire. He was married to Nancy Everett née Gore, with two children, Mark Oliver Everett (frontman of the band Eels) and Elizabeth Everett.

Biography

Everett was born in Maryland and raised in the Washington, D.C. area. After World War II, Everett's father was stationed in West Germany, and Hugh visited Leipzig in East Germany in 1949. He graduated from The Catholic University of America in 1953 in chemical engineering, and then received a National Science Foundation fellowship that allowed him to attend Princeton University. He started his studies at Princeton in the Mathematics Department working on the then-new field of game theory, but slowly drifted into physics. In 1953 he started taking his first physics courses, notably Introductory Quantum Mechanics with Robert Dicke.

For his second term at Princeton, starting in 1954, he moved into the Physics Department. His main course that year was Methods of Mathematical Physics with Eugene Wigner, although he stayed active in math and presented a paper on military game theory in December. He passed his general exams in the spring of 1955, thereby gaining his Master's degree, and then started work on his dissertation that would (much) later make him famous. He switched thesis advisors to John Wheeler some time in 1955, completed his paper in April 1956 [Fabio Freitas, "Os estados relativos de Hugh Everett III: uma análise histórica e conceitual." Programa de Pós-Graducação em Ensino, Filosofia e História das Ciências. 2007 [http://www.ppgefhc.ufba.br/dissertacoes/freitas2004.pdf] ] as "The Theory of the Universal Wave Function", and eventually defended his thesis after some delay in the spring of 1957. A short article, almost identical to the final version of his thesis appeared in Reviews of Modern Physics Vol 29 #3 454-462, (July 1957), accompanied by a supportive review by Wheeler. The physics world took little note.

Upon graduation in September 1956, Everett was invited to join the Pentagon's newly-forming Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), run by the Institute for Defense Analyses. He was soon sent to Sandia National Laboratories to learn about nuclear weapons and became a fan of computer modelling while there. In 1957 he became director of the WSEG's Department of Physical and Mathematical Sciences. However, Everett soon had to leave work at WSEG to return to Princeton for his thesis defense. When he returned to WSEG he immediately recommenced his research, most of which remains classified. It is known that he worked on various studies of the Minuteman missile project, which was then starting, as well as "The Distribution and Effects of Fallout in Large Nuclear Weapon Campaigns".

During March and April 1959, at Wheeler's request, Everett visited Copenhagen in order to meet with Niels Bohr, considered to be the "father of Copenhagen's interpretation of quantum mechanics". Bohr was unimpressed, and refused to take Everett's ideas very seriously. Everett was crestfallen, but while in his hotel he started work on a new idea to use Lagrange multipliers for optimization that would later lead to financial success.

In August 1964 the Defense Research Corporation (DRC) spun off the Lambda Division to apply military modeling solutions to various civilian problems. Everett left the WSEG and became the head of the new Division, along with a million dollar budget. The next year they took the division public as Lambda Corporation, a think tank that returned primarily to military research. After three years he stepped down as president in order to focus on research, as by this point the company was growing so rapidly that administration duties were interfering. In the early 1970s the defense budgets were curtailed and most money went to operational duties in the Vietnam War, leading to Lambda eventually being re-purchased by the DRC, now known as General Research Corp.

In 1973 Everett left Lambda to form DBS Corporation in Arlington, Virginia, a computer consulting firm. Much of their work appears to have been in statistical analysis. He appears to have enjoyed programming, and spent the rest of his life working at DBS. He also opened Monowave Corporation with several DBS and family friends.

In 1970 Bryce DeWitt wrote an article for Physics Today on Everett's relative-state theory. This time the physics world seemed much more interested, and a flood of letters followed. Meanwhile DeWitt, who had corresponded with Everett on the many-worlds (DeWitt's phrase) / relative state interpretation when originally published in 1957, started editing an anthology on interpretations of quantum mechanics gathered from over 500 papers. The book was published late in 1973, and it was not long before an article on Everett's work appeared in the science fiction magazine, Analog. In 1977 he was invited to give a talk at a meeting Wheeler arranged at Wheeler's new location at the University of Texas at Austin, where Everett was the star of the show and continually surrounded by a throng of "groupie" students. As his fame grew, Wheeler eventually started the process of returning Everett to a physics career by setting up a new research institute in California, but nothing came of this proposal. Martin Gardner [cite book |last= Gardner|first= Martin|authorlink= Martin Gardner|title= Are Universes Thicker Than Blackberries?|year= 2003|month= July|publisher= W. W. Norton & Company|location= New York|isbn= 0-393-05742-9|chapter= Multiverses and Blackberries] states that Wheeler subsequently came to reject the MWI.

Everett, who believed in quantum immortality [See Keith Lynch's recollections in Eugene Shikhovtsev's Biography of Everett [http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/everett/everett.html] ] , died suddenly at home in his bed on July 19, 1982 of a heart attack at the age of only 51. It is possible that his constant chain-smoking and heavy drinking contributed to this, although he was outwardly healthy at the time. A committed atheist, he had asked to be thrown out with the trash after his death. Some time after his cremation, his wife complied.

Of the companies Everett founded, only Monowave Corporation still exists (in Seattle as of November 2007) and is still run by co-founder Elaine Tsiang.

Everett's daughter, Elizabeth, suffered from schizophrenia and committed suicide in 1996 (saying in her suicide note that she was going to a parallel universe to be with her father), and in 1998, his wife, Nancy, died of cancer. Everett's son, Mark Oliver Everett, who found Everett dead, is also known as "E" and is the lead singer and songwriter for the band Eels. The Eels album "Electro-Shock Blues", which was written during this time period, is reflective of these deaths. Mark explored his father's work in the hour-long BBC television documentary "Parallel Worlds, Parallel Lives". [ [http://blogs.guardian.co.uk/tv/2007/11/last_nights_tv_parallel_worlds.html Last night's TV: Parallel Worlds, Parallel Lives] , Nancy Banks-Smith, Guardian blog, 27 November 2007.] [ [http://www.bandweblogs.com/blog/2007/11/16/parallel-worlds-parallel-lives-bbc-four-documentary-about-eels-founder-mark-everett-and-his-father/ Parallel Worlds, Parallel Lives BBC Four documentary about Eels founder Mark Everett and his father] , Band Weblogs, 16 November 2007.] [ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/proginfo/tv/wk48/mon.shtml#mon_parallelworlds "Parallel Worlds, Parallel Lives"] , BBC Press Release] [ [http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b008d2zj "Parallel Worlds, Parallel Lives"] , BBC iPlayer]

See also

*Bryce DeWitt
*David Deutsch
*Modal realism

Footnotes

Many-worlds references

* [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v29/i3/p454_1]
* Hugh Everett III "The Theory of the Universal Wavefunction", "Manuscript" (1955), pp 3-140 of Bryce DeWitt, R. Neill Graham, eds, "The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", Princeton Series in Physics, Princeton University Press (1973), ISBN 0-691-08131-X The original and most comprehensive paper on many-worlds. Investigates and recasts the foundations of quantum theory in information theoretic terms, before moving on to consider the nature of interactions, observation, entropy, irreversible processes, classical objects etc.
* John A. Wheeler, Assessment of Everett's "Relative State Formulation of Quantum Theory", "Reviews of Modern Physics", vol 29, (1957) pp 463-465 [http://prola.aps.org/abstract/RMP/v29/i3/p463_1]

Operations research references

* Hugh Everett III, "Generalized Lagrange Multiplier Method For Solving Problems of Optimum Allocation of Resources", "Operations Research", vol 11, (1963), pp 399-417
* Hugh Everett III, George E Pugh, "The Distribution and Effects of Fallout in Large Nuclear-Weapon Campaigns", "Operations Research", vol. 7, (1959), pp. 226-248

Biographical sources

* [http://space.mit.edu/home/tegmark/everett/everett.html Eugene Shikhovtsev's Biography of Everett]
*John Archibald Wheeler, "Geons, Black Holes & Quantum Foam", ISBN 0-393-31991-1. pp 268-270
* [http://www.newscientist.com/channel/opinion/mg19626311.800-interview-parallel-lives-can-never-touch.html Interview: Parallel lives can never touch] , Mark Everett talking to Peter Aldhous, New Scientist, 24 November 2007.
* [http://www.clipmarks.com/clipmark/FE42794C-341D-4596-A932-D336DE825AB8/ Clipmarks article]

Persondata
NAME=Everett, Hugh, III
ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
SHORT DESCRIPTION= American Physicist
DATE OF BIRTH= November 11, 1930
PLACE OF BIRTH= Maryland, U.S.
DATE OF DEATH= July 19, 1982
PLACE OF DEATH= McLean, Virginia, U.S.