Multiple cross products

Multiple cross products is a mathematical term.

Using multiple cross products

In mathematics, one must be careful when using multiple cross products. The cross product operation is not associative: we have in general

:("A"×"B")×"C" ≠ "A"×("B"×"C").

Since the cross product is also anticommutative, left and right can be switched with a change of sign.

In traditional treatments of tensors, this question is handled in terms of the Levi-Civita symbol defined by

: $varepsilon_{ijk} =left{egin{matrix}+1 & mbox{if } (i,j,k) mbox{ is } (1,2,3), (2,3,1) mbox{ or } (3,1,2)\-1 & mbox{if } (i,j,k) mbox{ is } (3,2,1), (1,3,2) mbox{ or } (2,1,3)\0 & mbox{otherwise: }i=j mbox{ or } j=k mbox{ or } k=iend{matrix}
ight.$

and a basic identity for it.

Since the cross product as a cartesian tensor is

:ε_"ijk""a"_"i""b"_"j"

with the summation convention understood, the required identity would be for

:ε_"ijk"ε_"klm".

This is shown to be a combination of Kronecker deltas

:δ_"il"δ_"jm" − δ_"im"δ_"jl".

This can be proved by a short direct argument on permutations; it is also equivalent to an identity on triple cross products.

Armed with this formula, any multiple cross product can be simplified. Those of odd length come out without cross products, since an even number of ε symbols will always 'cancel' into δ symbols. For long products the result does grow exponentially.

The exterior algebra, which "is" associative, can also be used to simplify multiple cross products.

See also

* Vector triple product

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Multiple cross products

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