- Polygonia interrogationis
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Question Mark 
Upperside 
Underside Conservation status Not evaluated (IUCN 3.1)Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Arthropoda Class: Insecta Order: Lepidoptera Family: Nymphalidae Tribe: Nymphalini Genus: Polygonia Species: P. interrogationis Binomial name Polygonia interrogationis
(Fabricius, 1798)Synonyms Nymphalis interrogationis
The Question Mark (Polygonia interrogationis) is a North American nymphalid butterfly. They live in wooded areas and city parks, or generally in areas which feature trees and free spaces. The adult butterfly has a wingspan of 4.5–7.6 cm (1.8–3.0 in).[1][2] Its flight period is from May to September. "The silver mark on the underside of the hindwing is broken into two parts, a curved line and a dot, creating a ?-shaped mark that gives the species its common name."[1]
Contents
Lifecycle
Like other species in the order of Lepidoptera, the Question Mark is an insect that undergoes four life stages, also known as holometabolis or complete metamorphosis. These four life stages are embyro (ova or egg), larva (in this case, caterpillar), pupa (chrysalis), and imago, (or adult/ butterfly).
Eggs
After the male has found the female perching on a tree or in the grass, courting ensues, after which the mating of the two occurs. Females lay eggs singly or stacked under leaves of plants that are usually not the hosts. The young hatchlings must then find their food source to survive.
Larvae
Larvae of the Question Mark Butterfly, like all lepdiopteran larvae, mature through a series of stages called instars. Near the end of each instar, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, in which the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the softer epidermis beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle beneath. At the end of each instar, the larva moults the old cuticle, and the new cuticle expands, before rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar.
Larvae host plants
Unlike some caterpillars, larvae of this beautiful butterfly feed on a variety of host plants. American elm (Ulmus americanus), red elm (Ulmus rubra), hackberry (Celtis), Japanese hop (Humulus japonicus), nettles (Urtica), and false nettle (Boehmeria cylindrica) are the main ones listed.[2]
Pupae
Once the larvae have undergone their last instar, the caterpillars pupate in what we call a chrysalis. Unlike many moths, who build cocoons to pupate in, the majority of butterfly pupae are "naked", meaning without the protection of the earth or a cocoon to protect them. After it has reached the end of its last instar, it sheds its skin (molting or apolysis), and emerges a soft fleshy pupae, whereas upon close observation many parts of the future butterfly can be seen prior to the new skin hardening. As they harden, the pupae take on colors of their surroundings providing them with excellent camouflage within their environment. After many days to a couple weeks, the butterfly emerges, usually in the morning and afternoon hours.
Adults
As an adult butterfly, the Question Mark seeks out rotting fruit, tree sap, dung, or carrion as food sources. Only when these are unavailable do Question Marks visit flowers for nectar.
Recorded locations
This species has been found in southern Canada and all of the eastern United States except peninsular Florida, west to the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains, south to southern Arizona and Mexico.[2]
Flight times
Generally speaking, the Question Mark flies and lays eggs in the spring until the end of May. The summer adults emerge and fly from May-September, laying eggs that develop into the winter form; these adults appear in late August and spend the winter in various shelters.
References
- ^ a b Layberry, Ross, A.; Hall, Peter W.; Lafontaine, J. Donald (1998). "Question Mark: Polygonia interrogationis (Fabricius, 1798)". The Butterflies of Canada. Toronto, Canada: University of Toronto Press. http://www.cbif.gc.ca/spp_pages/butterflies/species/QuestionMark_e.php. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
- ^ a b c Question Mark, Butterflies and Moths of North America
External links
- "Question Mark butterfly". Ohio History Central: An Online Encyclopedia of Ohio History. Ohio Historical Society, Columbus, Ohio. http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1100. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
- "Question Mark (Polygonia interrogationis)". Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. http://www.duke.edu/~jspippen/butterflies/questionmark.htm. Retrieved 2010-07-09.
Gallery
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Worn wings
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