Philoponella

Taxobox
name = Philoponella


image_caption = female "P. prominens" from Okinawa
image_width = 250px
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Arthropoda
classis = Arachnida
ordo = Araneae
familia = Uloboridae
genus = "Philoponella"
genus_authority = Mello-Leitão, 1917
diversity_link = List of Uloboridae species#Philoponella
diversity = 37 species
subdivision_ranks = Species
subdivision = see text

"Philoponella" is a genus of uloborid spiders. Like all Uloboridae, these species have no venom.

The species "P. vicinus" uses its silk to crush its victims to death.Fact|date=January 2008

Cooperation

Some species (among them "P. congregabilis" and "P. oweni") construct communal webs, but nevertheless do not capture prey cooperatively. However, a few species, such as "P. raffrayi", are known to cooperate in prey capture. A colony of "P. raffrayi" is composed of individual orb-webs connected by non-adhesive silk. Its average body length is about 6 mm in females and 3 mm in males. Adult females are orange for at least a week after the final molt, and become black a few weeks later. In these colonies, "Argyrodes" and "Portia" species can also be found, acting as kleptoparasites and predators, respectively. When relatively large prey is trapped on the periphery of the colony, two females cooperate in about 10% of cases in wrapping it, which increases they success about fourfold. However, only one female then feeds on this prey. Cooperative capture is similar in "P. republicana", where more than two individuals may work together. [Matsumoto 1998]

Distribution

"Philoponella" species occur pantropical in the Americas, Africa, southeastern Asia and Australia, with almost half of them found from the southern United States to northern Argentina.

pecies

* "Philoponella angolensis" (Lessert, 1933) — Ivory Coast, Angola
* "Philoponella arizonica" (Gertsch, 1936) — USA, Mexico
* "Philoponella bella" Opell, 1979 — Colombia
* "Philoponella collina" (Keyserling, 1883) — Peru
* "Philoponella congregabilis" (Rainbow, 1916) — New South Wales
* "Philoponella cymbiformis" Xie et al., 1997 — China
* "Philoponella divisa" Opell, 1979 — Colombia
* "Philoponella fasciata" (Mello-Leitão, 1917) — Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina
* "Philoponella gibberosa" (Kulczynski, 1908) — Java
* "Philoponella herediae" Opell, 1987 — Costa Rica
* "Philoponella hilaris" (Simon, 1906) — India
* "Philoponella lingulata" Dong, Zhu & Yoshida, 2005 — China
* "Philoponella lunaris" (C. L. Koch, 1839) — Brazil
* "Philoponella mollis" (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar
* "Philoponella nasuta" (Thorell, 1895) — China, Myanmar
* "Philoponella nigromaculata" Yoshida, 1992 — Taiwan
* "Philoponella operosa" (Simon, 1896) — South Africa
* "Philoponella oweni" (Chamberlin, 1924) — USA, Mexico
* "Philoponella pantherina" (Keyserling, 1890) — New South Wales
* "Philoponella para" Opell, 1979 — Paraguay, Argentina
* "Philoponella pisiformis" Dong, Zhu & Yoshida, 2005 — China
* "Philoponella pomelita" Grismado, 2004 — Argentina
* "Philoponella prominens" (Bösenberg & Strand, 1906) — China, Korea, Japan
* "Philoponella quadrituberculata" (Thorell, 1892) — Java, Moluccas
* "Philoponella raffrayi" (Simon, 1891) — Java, Moluccas
* "Philoponella ramirezi" Grismado, 2004 — Brazil
* "Philoponella republicana" (Simon, 1891) — Panama to Bolivia
* "Philoponella sabah" Yoshida, 1992 — Borneo
* "Philoponella semiplumosa" (Simon, 1893) — USA, Greater Antilles to Venezuela
* "Philoponella signatella" (Roewer, 1951) — Mexico to Honduras
* "Philoponella subvittata" Opell, 1981 — Guyana
* "Philoponella tingens" (Chamberlin & Ivie, 1936) — Costa Rica to Colombia
* "Philoponella truncata" (Thorell, 1895) — Myanmar, Java
* "Philoponella variabilis" (Keyserling, 1887) — Queensland, New South Wales
* "Philoponella vicina" (O. P.-Cambridge, 1899) — Mexico to Costa Rica
* "Philoponella vittata" (Keyserling, 1881) — Panama to Paraguay
* "Philoponella wuyiensis" Xie et al., 1997 — China

Footnotes

References

* aut|Opell, B.D. (1987): The new species "Philoponella herediae" and its modified orb-web (Araneae, Uloboridae). "J. Arachnol." 15: 59-63. [http://www.biol.vt.edu/faculty/opell/site/Publicaton%20PDF%20Files/JoA%201987_v15_p59.pdf PDF]
* (1998): Cooperative prey capture in the communal web spider, "Philoponella raffray" (Araneae, Uloboridae). "Journal of Arachnology" 26: 392-396. [http://www.americanarachnology.org/JoA_free/JoA_v26_n3/JoA_v26_p392.pdf PDF]
* (2004): Two new species of the genus "Philoponella" from Brazil and Argentina (Araneae, Uloboridae). "Iheringia, Sér. Zool." 94(1): 105-109. [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/isz/v94n1/20469.pdf PDF]
* (2008): [http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html The world spider catalog] , version 8.5. "American Museum of Natural History".

External links

* [http://davesgarden.com/guides/bf/go/4638/ Pictures of "P. congregabilis"]