Ward Hill Lamon

Ward Hill Lamon (January 6, 1828 - May 7, 1893) was a personal friend and self-appointed bodyguard of the American President Abraham Lincoln. Lamon was famously absent the night Lincoln was assassinated, having been sent by Lincoln to Richmond, Virginia.

Background

Lamon was born near Winchester, Virginia, studied medicine for two years, and moved to Danville, Illinois when he was nineteen to live with relatives. [Tilton, C: "Lincoln and Lamon: Partners and Friends," "Publication of the Illinois State Historical Library," page 175. Phillips Brothers State Printers, 1931.] He attended the University of Louisville to receive his law degree and was admitted to the Illinois bar in 1851. [Hamand, L: "Lincoln's Particular Friend," "Essays in Illinois History," page 19. Southern Illinois University Press, 1968.] In 1850, he moved back to Virginia, married Angelina Turner, and then returned to Illinois to practice law. Angelina died in April, 1859, leaving a daughter, Dorothy, who was raised in Danville by Lamon's sister, Mrs. William Morgan. [Tilton, page 183.] In November, 1860, Lamon married Sally Logan, daughter of Judge Stephen T. Logan. [Tilton, page 188.] Logan had been Lincoln's law partner from 1841 to 1844. [Lawson, S: "Logan, Stephen Trigg, "American National Biography Online" http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00636.html]

Early Years with Lincoln

Lamon's professional association with Lincoln started in 1852, when he became Lincoln's law partner in Danville, Illinois Their partnership lasted up until 1857 when Lamon became the prosecuting attorney for the Old Eighth Judicial district and subsequently moved to Bloomington, Illinois in 1858. [Tilton, pages 178-9, 182.] While Lamon had Southern sympathies and his hatred of abolitionism set him apart from Lincoln, they remained friends, despite their very different characters. Lamon joined the then-young Republican Party and campaigned for Lincoln in 1860. Lincoln was up against New York Senator William Seward for the Republican nomination, and Lamon proved his friendship by printing up extra tickets for the convention to fill the hall with Lincoln supporters. ["I Beg Leave to Offer. . . Abraham Lincoln" "New York Times," May 15, 1960.] When Lincoln was elected President, Lamon hoped for a foreign diplomatic post, but received a letter from his friend that said, "Dear Hill, I need you. I want you to go to Washington with me and be prepared for a long stay." [Tilton, page 189.] Lamon then accompanied him as he traveled from Springfield, Illinois to Washington D.C. in February 1861. This trip would prove to be eventful.

Lamon and the Baltimore Plot, 1861

Lamon was a physically imposing man, and during the presidency, often took it upon himself to guard Lincoln. In February 1861, detective Allan Pinkerton uncovered a plot to assassinate Lincoln when he arrived in Baltimore on his way to his inauguration in Washington. Pinkerton advised Lincoln that rather than ride publicly through the city between train stations as planned, he take a midnight train straight through to the capitol. Lamon was the sole friend chosen to accompany him. Lamon and Pinkerton famously clashed over the President-elect's protection. Lamon offered Lincoln "a Revolver and a Bowie Knife" but Pinkerton protested that he "would not for the world have it said that Mr. Lincoln had to enter the National Capitol Armed." [Cuthbert, N: "Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, 1861," page 79. Huntington Library, 1949.] The two men further disagreed over Lamon's desire to alert the "Chicago Journal" to their early arrival in Washington because Pinkerton, more prudently, wished not to publicize their change of plans. In Pinkerton's account of the plot, he wrote disparagingly of Lamon, referring to him as a "brainless, egotistical fool." [Cuthbert, page 86.] Pinkerton allowed William Herndon to copy his report, which later fell into Lamon's hands when he purchased Herndon's papers to write his "Life of Abraham Lincoln". [Mackay, J: "Allan Pinkerton: The First Detective," page 104. John Wiley & Sons, 1996] However, when Herndon first requested copies of Pinkerton's report, Pinkerton agreed only on the condition that certain material be kept as confidential, specifically naming his remarks about Lamon. [Wilson, D. and Davis R: "Herndon's Informants," page 264. University of Illinois Press, 1998.] Lamon retaliated by avowing his disbelief in the plot in the biography: "It is perfectly manifest that there was no conspiracy, -- no conspiracy of a hundred, of fifty, of twenty, of three; no definite purpose in the heart of even one man to murder Mr. Lincoln in Baltimore." [Lamon, W: "Life of Abraham Lincoln," page 513. James R. Osgood and Company, 1872.]

Lamon as U.S. Marshal and His Relationship with Lincoln 1861-1865

Shortly after his inauguration in 1861, Lincoln appointed Lamon United States Marshal of the District of Columbia; he resigned his commission in June 1865. One of Lamon's first acts as Marshal was to visit Fort Sumter, South Carolina in March, 1861 to meet with Major Robert Anderson, commander of the fort, and Governor Andrew Pickens. [ [http://usmarshals.gov/history/lincoln/lincoln_and_his_marshal.htm U.S. Marshals Historical Perspective] ] Reports vary on Lamon's responsibilities with regard to that visit. One account chronicles that Lamon was just one of a few emissaries sent by Lincoln, the first being Captain Gustavus Fox, who went to determine if Fort Sumter could be relieved by sea. [Oedel, H: "Lincoln Takes the Pulse of the Confederacy at Charleston in March, 1861," page 158. "Lincoln Herald," 1973.] Lamon was sent concurrently with another Illinois friend of Lincoln's, Stephen Hurlbut, with the implication that Lamon was sent to take the focus off of Hurlbut's visit as Hurlbut was there to measure anti-Union sentiment in Charleston (he discovered it was high). [Oedel, page 159.] Lamon incurred Lincoln's displeasure by meeting with Governor Pickens and informing him of the government's interest in withdrawing from Fort Sumter. [Oedel, page 160.] Another account represents Lamon as traveling with the full confidence of Lincoln: "It called for courage and the trip was made over the objection of Secretary Seward. 'Mr. Secretary,' said Lincoln, 'I have known to be in many a close place and he's never been in one he didn't get out of. By Jing. I'll risk it. Go, Lamon, and God bless you.'" [Tilton, page 198.] Yet another account characterizes Lamon as being under Seward's influence and angering Lincoln: "It was under Seward's influence that he actually told Governor Pickens that he had come to arrange for the withdrawal of the garrison, and that after his return he wrote the governor that he would be back in a few days to assist with the evacuation! He also gave Major Anderson the impression that no relief would be attempted. All this was outrageous, and when Lincoln heard of Lamon's letter to Pickens, he indignantly denied that the man possessed any authority to make such a statement." [Nevins, A. "The War for the Union," page 54. Scribner, 1959.] Missions to Fort Sumter aside, the marshal's position was not an onerous one and afforded Lamon legitimate access to the President. What Lamon took upon himself, however, was to represent himself as Lincoln's bodyguard, which he did out of friendship rather than the requirements of the position. [Hamand, page 27.] Lamon took this so seriously that his friend Leonard Swett recounted that in the three months he stayed with Lamon in the Fall of 1864, he saw Lamon leave every night to go to the White House where he patrolled the grounds. [Hamand, pages 30-31] Presidential secretary John Hay adds to this portrait of devotion by noting in his diary that one night he observed Lamon wrap himself up in his cloak and lie down to sleep in front of Lincoln's bedroom door. [Hamand, page 31.] Lamon was not in Washington on the night of Lincoln's assassination, being on assignment in Richmond. In his "Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" Lamon reveals that before he left for Richmond, he implored the president not to "go out at night after [he] was gone, "particularly to the theatre." [Lamon, "Recollections of Abraham Lincoln, 1847-1865," page 280. A.C. McClurg and Company, 1895.] After the assassination, Lamon accompanied the funeral procession to Springfield, Illinois.

Lamon as Lincoln's Biographer

After Lincoln's death, Lamon published two books (one posthumously) about the late President. The more famous of the two is a biography that was largely ghostwritten by Chauncey Black, the son of former Attorney General of the United States Jeremiah Black. The elder Black was Lamon's law partner from 1865 until 1879. The book, published in 1872 by James R. Osgood and Company of Boston under the title "The Life of Abraham Lincoln; From his Birth to his Inauguration as President," contained allegations and personal information about Lincoln that were deemed scandalous by nineteenth century society. It was a financial failure. One of the most shocking claims was that Lincoln was not a man of faith: "Mr. Lincoln was never a member of any church, nor did he believe in the divinity of Christ, or the inspiration of the Scriptures in the sense understood by evangelical Christians." [Lamon, W: "Life of Abraham Lincoln," page 486. James R.Osgood and Company, 1872.] The basis of the book was the papers of William Herndon, which Lamon purchased for either $2,000 or $4,000. [Barton, W: "The Soul of Abraham Lincoln," page 129. George H. Doran Co., 1920.] [Donald, D: "Lincoln's Herndon," page 253. Alfred A. Knopf, 1948.] Shortly after his death, Lamon's daughter collected and edited many of his unpublished writings about Lincoln into a biography of the president, "Recollections of Abraham Lincoln" (1895). In "Recollections," Lamon reversed his earlier denial of the Baltimore plot of 1861, writing, "It is now an acknowledged fact that there was never a moment from the day he crossed the Maryland line, up until the time of his assassination, that he was not in danger of death by violence, and that his life was spared until the night of the 14th of April, 1865, only through the ceaseless and watchful care of the guards thrown around him." [Lamon, W: "Recollections of Abraham Lincoln," page 47.] The authenticity of this book is generally more highly regarded by the scholarly community than is the earlier volume by Lamon and Black.

Lamon after Lincoln's Death

Lamon had tendered his resignation as Marshal of the District of Columbia in June 1865. He was offered the cabinet position of Postmaster General but declined. [Tilton, page 222.] He formed his law partnership with Jeremiah Black as referenced above, and the law practice dissolved in 1879 due to the poor reception of "The Life of Lincoln" ghostwritten by Black's son Chauncey. In 1879, Lamon and his wife Sally moved to Boulder, Colorado and later to Denver where he formed a friendship with poet Eugene Field. [Tilton, page 224.] The ill health of both Lamon and Sally caused them to return to Washington in 1886, and in 1889 they traveled to Europe for the spas and subsequently Sally died in Brussels in 1892. [Tilton, page 226-227.]

Lamon moved to Martinsburg, West Virginia where he was cared for by his daughter Dorothy until his death on May 7, 1893. [Tilton, page 227.] Lamon was buried in Gerrardstown, West Virginia in the Presbyterian Cemetery (Sally had been buried in Springfield, Illinois). The home built by Lamon's cousin Joseph in Danville, Illinois is open as a museum. [ [http://www.lamonhouse.org/history.html The Lamon House History] .]

Perceptions of Lamon

Some contemporaries and biographers of Lincoln tend to treat Lamon with a certain casual contempt. In 1862, during his tenure as Marshal, a number of senators called for his removal from office. [Tilton, page 203.] Although Lincoln refused this demand, the Senate was able to decrease some of Lamon's official duties and thus reduce his income. [Tilton, page 209.] Allan Pinkerton's opinion of him was voiced above, during the Baltimore Plot. Historian Allan Nevins in "The War for the Union" characterizes Lamon as "a big loquacious bumbler of more self-assurance than discretion." [Nevins, page 49.] Even one of Nevin's footnotes that discusses the controversial trip to Charleston in 1861 further dismisses Lamon: "Lamon's papers in the Huntington Library throw no light on the subject except to confirm his general ineptness." [Nevins, page 54.] A few carry the flag for Lamon, however. In 1931, Clint Clay Tilton repeatedly affirms Lamon's generosity and good humor and dubs him "the Cavalier." [Tilton, page 176.] When Lamon campaigned for Lincoln's re-election in 1864, a song was written with this verse remaining:

A great good man is Ward Hill Lamon;Abe is Pythias; he is Damon; He's the President's protector,He's his political protector,Who?Ward Hill Lamon. Ward Hill Lamon.

[Tilton, page 214.]

Notes

References

* Barton, William Eleazar. "The Soul of Abraham Lincoln." (1920)
* Cuthbert, Norma Barrett (ed.). "Lincoln and the Baltimore Plot, 1861." (1949)
* Donald, David. "Lincoln's Herndon." (1948)
* Downing, David C. "A South Divided: Portraits of Dissent in the Confederacy" (2007)
* Hamand, Lavern M. "Lincoln's Particular Friend" in "Essays in Illinois History." (1968)
* Lamon, Ward Hill. "The Life of Abraham Lincoln: From His Birth to His Inauguration as President." (1872)
* Lamon, Ward Hill. "Recollections of Abraham Lincoln: 1847-1865." (1895)
* Lawson,, Sylvia B. "Logan, Stephen T."; http://www.anb.org/articles/04/04-00636.html; "American National Biography Online" Feb. 2000.
* "Lincoln Stole into Washington to Foil Possible Assassination" "New York Times," February 24, 1961, page 25.
* Lurie, Jonathan. "Lamon, Ward Hill"; http://www.anb.org/articles/11/11-00506.html; "American National Biography Online" Feb. 2000.
* Mackay, James. "Allan Pinkerton: The First Private Eye" (1996)
* Mitgang, Herbert. "'I Beg Leave To Offer. . . Abraham Lincoln'" "New York Times, " May 15, 1960, page SM26.
* Nevins, Allan. "The War for the Union: Volume 1, The Improvised War, 1861-1862" (1959)
* Oates, Stephen B. "With Malice Toward None: The Life of Abraham Lincoln" (1977)
* Oedel, Howard T. "Lincoln Takes the Pulse of the Confederacy at Charleston in March, 1861" in "Lincoln Herald" 1971 73(3), pages 156-172.
* Tilton, Clint Clay. "Lincoln and Lamon: Partners and Friends" in "Publications of the Illinois State Historical Library" (1931)
* "Ward Hill Lamon." "Dictionary of American Biography" (1928-1936)
* Wilson, Douglas L. and Rodney O. Davis, editors. "Herndon's Informants" (1998)

External links

* [http://www.lamonhouse.org/history.html Lamon House History]
* [http://usmarshals.gov/history/lincoln/lincoln_and_his_marshal.htm Lincoln and his Marshal]
* [http://www.mrlincolnandfriends.org/inside.asp?pageID=44&subjectID=3 Mr. Lincoln and Friends]
* [http://www.mrlincolnswhitehouse.org/inside.asp?ID=61&subjectID=2 Mr. Lincoln's White House: Ward Hill Lamon (1828-1893)]