- Monoclinic crystal system
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In crystallography, the monoclinic crystal system is one of the 7 lattice point groups. A crystal system is described by three vectors. In the monoclinic system, the crystal is described by vectors of unequal length, as in the orthorhombic system. They form a rectangular prism with a parallelogram as its base. Hence two pairs of vectors are perpendicular, while the third pair makes an angle other than 90°.
Contents
Bravais lattices and point/space groups
Two monoclinic Bravais lattices exist: the primitive monoclinic and the centered monoclinic lattices, with layers with a rectangular and rhombic lattice, respectively.
Monoclinic Bravais lattice Primitive (P) Base-centered (C) Crystal Classes
The monoclinic crystal system class names, examples, Schönflies notation, Hermann-Mauguin notation, point groups, International Tables for Crystallography space group number,[1] orbifold, type, and space groups are listed in the table below.
# Point group Example Type Space groups Name Schönflies Intl orbifold Coxeter 3-5 monoclinic [2] C2 22 [2]+ halotrichite enantiomorphic polar 6-9 Domatic [2] C1h (=C1v = Cs) *11 [ ] hilgardite polar 10-15 Prismatic [2] C2h 2* [2,2+] gypsum centrosymmetric Sphenoidal is also monoclinic hemimorphic; Domatic is also monoclinic hemihedral; Prismatic is also monoclinic normal.
The three monoclinic hemimorphic space groups are as follows:
- a prism with as cross-section wallpaper group p2
- ditto with screw axes instead of axes
- ditto with screw axes as well as axes, parallel, in between; in this case an additional translation vector is one half of a translation vector in the base plane plus one half of a perpendicular vector between the base planes
The four monoclinic hemihedral space groups include
- those with pure reflection at the base of the prism and halfway
- those with glide planes instead of pure reflection planes; the glide is one half of a translation vector in the base plane
- those with both in between each other; in this case an additional translation vector is this glide plus one half of a perpendicular vector between the base planes.
Specific chemical examples
An example of a monoclinic crystal is elemental sulfur (which can also occur in a rhombic form).[3]
See also
References
- ^ Prince, E., ed (2006). International Tables for Crystallography. International Union of Crystallography. doi:10.1107/97809553602060000001. ISBN 978-1-4020-4969-9.
- ^ a b c "The 32 crystal classes". http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/physics/SolidStatePhysics/AtomicBonding/CrystalStructure/32Crystal/32Crystal.htm. Retrieved 2009-07-08.
- ^ C.Michael Hogan. 2011. Sulfur. Encyclopedia of Earth, eds. A.Jorgensen and C.J.Cleveland, National Council for Science and the environment, Washington DC
- Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis, 1985, Manual of Mineralogy, 20th ed., pp. 65 – 69, ISBN 0-471-80580-7
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