Treaty of London (1867)

Treaty of London (1867)

The Treaty of London ( _fr. Traité de Londres), often called the Second Treaty of London after the 1839 Treaty, was an international treaty signed on 11 May 1867. Agreed in the aftermath of the Austro-Prussian War and the Luxembourg Crisis, it had wide-reaching consequences for Luxembourg and for relations between Europe's Great Powers.

Effects

The most important immediate effect of the treaty, established in Article I, was the reaffirmation of the personal union between the Netherlands and Luxembourg under the House of Orange-Nassau. [Treaty of London, Article I] The Luxembourg Crisis had erupted after French Emperor Napoleon III attempted to buy Luxembourg from the Dutch King William III. Consequently, maintaining Dutch ownership of Luxembourg, free from French interference, was of paramount importance to Prussia.

The neutrality of Luxembourg, established by the First Treaty of London, was also reaffirmed. Those parties that did not sign the earlier treaty were to become guarantors of Luxembourg's neutrality (an exception was Belgium, which was, itself, bound to neutrality). [Treaty of London, Article II]

To ensure Luxembourg's neutrality, the fortifications of Luxembourg City, known as the " 'Gibraltar of the North' ", were to be demolished and never to be rebuilt. [Treaty of London, Article V] Dismantling the fortifications took sixteen years, cost 1.5 million gold francs, and required the destruction of over 24 km (15 miles) of underground defences and 40,000 m² (10 acres) of casemates, batteries, barracks, etc. [ [http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/699.pdf World Heritage List - Luxembourg] . UNESCO, 1 October 1993. Retrieved on 2 July 2006.] Furthermore, the Prussian garrison, which had been sited in Luxembourg since the 1815 Congress of Vienna, was to be withdrawn. [Treaty of London, Article IV]

The Seven Weeks' War had led to the collapse of the German Confederation. Two former members, the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg and the Duchy of Limburg, were possessions of the Dutch king. To further clarify the position in the wake of the death of the Confederation, the Treaty of London affirmed the end of the Confederation, and stated that Luxembourg and Limburg were henceforth to be considered 'integral parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands'. [Treaty of London, Article VI] Luxembourg would rejoin the newly re-established German customs union, the "Zollverein", in which it would remain until 1 January 1919.

ignatories

The treaty was signed by representatives of all of the Great Powers of Europe:
* The Austrian Empire, represented by Rudolf Apponyi
* The Kingdom of Belgium, represented by Sylvain Van de Weyer
* The French Empire, represented by Prince de La Tour d'Auvergne-Lauraguais
* The Kingdom of Italy, represented by Marquis d'Azeglio
* The Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, represented by Baron de Tornaco and Emmanuel Servais
* The Kingdom of the Netherlands, represented by Baron Bentinck
* The Kingdom of Prussia, represented by Count Bernstorff-Stintenburg
* The Russian Empire, represented by Baron Brunnow
* The United Kingdom, represented by Lord Stanley

Italy was originally not invited, but King Victor Emmanuel II persuaded the other kings and emperors to invite his representative. Italy had little relation to Luxembourg, and the treaty did not directly affect Italy in any appreciable manner. However, it marked the first occasion on which Italy was invited to partake in an international conference on the basis of being a Great Power, and, therefore, was of symbolic value to the fledgling Italian kingdom.

ee also

* Treaty of London, for similarly titled treaties

Footnotes

External links

*fr icon [http://www.lib.byu.edu/~rdh/wwi/1914m/1867.html The full text of the Treaty of London]


Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.

Игры ⚽ Нужно решить контрольную?

Look at other dictionaries:

  • Treaty of London (1839) — The Scrap of Paper Enlist Today , Canadian War Museum. The Treaty of London, also called the First Treaty of London or the Convention of 1839, was a treaty signed on 19 April 1839 between the European great powers, the United Kingdom of the… …   Wikipedia

  • Treaty of London — The Treaty of London may refer to: Treaty of London (1359), which ceded western France to England, repudiated by the Estates General in Paris on 19 May 1359 Treaty of London (1518), a non aggression pact between the major European nations Treaty… …   Wikipedia

  • London Conference of 1867 — The conference of the six Great Powers (which for the first time included Italy) which met at London in May, 1867, to settle the political order of northern Europe after the disruption of the German Confederation in 1866 is known as the London… …   Wikipedia

  • London — /lun deuhn/, n. 1. Jack, 1876 1916, U.S. short story writer and novelist. 2. a metropolis in SE England, on the Thames: capital of the United Kingdom. 3. City of, an old city in the central part of the former county of London: the ancient nucleus …   Universalium

  • Duchy of Limburg (1839–1867) — Duchy of Limburg Hertogdom Limburg (nl) Herzogtum Limburg (de) State of the German Confederation …   Wikipedia

  • Tratado de Londres (1867) — El Tratado de Londres (Francés: Traité de Londres; Inglés: Treaty of London), llamado también el Segundo Tratado de Londres, debido a que era posterior al Tratado de Londres (1839) también concerniente a la zona del actual Benelux, fue un tratado …   Wikipedia Español

  • Treaty of 1818 — Convention respecting fisheries, boundary, and the restoration of slaves United States territorial border changes Signed 1818 Location London, United Kingdom Signatories …   Wikipedia

  • Traite de Londres (1867) — Traité de Londres (1867) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Traité de Londres. Le Traité de Londres, souvent appelé Deuxième Traité de Londres après celui de 1839, est un traité international signé le 11 mai 1867. Passé à la suite de la guerre… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Traité de Londres (1867) — Pour les articles homonymes, voir Traité de Londres. Le Traité de Londres, souvent appelé Deuxième Traité de Londres après celui de 1839, est un traité international signé le 11 mai 1867. Passé à la suite de la guerre austro prussienne… …   Wikipédia en Français

  • 1867 — Year 1867 (MDCCCLXVII) was a common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar) of the Gregorian calendar (or a common year starting on Sunday of the 12 day slower Julian calendar). Events of 1867January June * January 1 The… …   Wikipedia

Share the article and excerpts

Direct link
Do a right-click on the link above
and select “Copy Link”