United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands

::"This article is about the U.S. Occupation government in Okinawa; for the earlier, native royal government, see Ryūkyū Kingdom."Infobox Former Country
conventional_long_name = United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands
common_name = Ryukyu Islands
continent = Asia
country = Japan
era = Cold War
status = Military occupation
currency = B Yen(1945-1958)United States dollar(1958-1972)|
event_start = Treaty of San Francisco
year_start = 1945
date_start = April 28
event_end = Returned to Japan
year_end = 1972
date_end = May 14|
event_pre = Battle of Okinawa
date_pre = April 1–June 21, 1945|
p1 = Empire of Japan
flag_p1 = Flag of Japan - variant.svg
s1 = Japan
flag_s1 = Flag of Japan - variant.svg|

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flag_border = no|


image_map_caption =
capital =
common_languages = Japanese, Ryukyuan
religion = |
leader1 =
year_leader1 =
title_leader =

The United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands was the government in Okinawa, Japan after World War II until 1972.

Outline

After the Battle of Okinawa in World War II, the armed forces of the United States occupied Okinawa and set up a local government. In 1952, Japan signed the Treaty of San Francisco and admitted the control of Okinawa by the U.S. government.

The United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands (USCAR), which was a subordinate organization of the forces of the United States, surveilled the Ryukyuan Government and could overrule all the decisions made by the Ryukyuan Government. Technically speaking, USCAR was thus a civil affairs administration of the United States Military Government (USMG).

Peace treaty specifications

Two important articles of the post-war peace treaty of April 28, 1952 are the following.

"Article 3:" Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29 degrees north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands), Nanpo Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters.

"Article 4b:" Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of the United States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3.

After a referendum, on May 15, 1972, control of Okinawa was given back to Japan, and USCAR was abolished. This completed the disposition of this Japanese property by USMG.

Government system

The government consisted of the legislature, the administrative body, and the courts. The members of legislature were elected. The legislature often had conflicts with USCAR. The head of the administrative body was assigned by USCAR (1952–60), assigned the leader of the dominant party of the legislature (1960–66), elected in the legislature (1966–68), and elected by the citizens (1968–72). The legislature made its own laws.

The official currency was the United States dollar. The government printed Ryukyuan postage stamps and passports. Cars drove on the right in contrast to the main islands of Japan. The island switched to driving on the left in 1978 to bring it in line with the rest of Japan.

Flag

The Criminal Code of Ryukyu restricted the flying of any national flags except the Flag of the United States [cite web |title = 琉球刑法並びに訴訟手続法典（一九五五年） Criminal code of Ryukyu 1955|url = http://www.ioc.u-tokyo.ac.jp/~worldjpn/documents/texts/JPUS/19550316.O1J.html |language=Japanese |accessdate = 2007-12-08] The protesters against the Ryukyu government flew Hinomaru, the flag of Japan.Civil ships of Ryukyu flew an ensign derived from International maritime signal flag "D" instead of Japanese or American ensigns. The D ensign was not well-known internationally, so the Ryukyuan ships were sometimes seized. The ensign changed to "Hinomaru below a triangular flag labeled Ryukyu" in 1967 [cite web |title = 沖繩船舶旗問題（昭和42年 わが外交の近況） Okinawa Ships issue (Our diplomacy 1967)|url = http://www.mofa.go.jp/mofaj/gaiko/bluebook/1967/s42-3-4.htm |language = Japanese |accessdate = 2007-12-08] [cite web |title = 那覇　泊港?那覇港?　全琉船舶に新船舶旗掲揚 1967年7月1日 All Ryukyuan ships hold new civil ensign at Tomari port or Naha port in Naha, July 1 1967 |url = http://www.archives.pref.okinawa.jp/hpdata/DPA/HTML/GRI/R35/024404.html |language = Japanese |accessdate = 2007-12-08] .

References

ee also

* Ryukyuan people
* Ryukyu independence movement
* Kariyushi Club (The former Ryukyu Independent Party)
* Republic of the Ryukyus: the proposed state