Kaabu

Kaabu Empire Kaabu
← 1537–1867 →
Kaabu Empire circa 1625 (in purple)
Capital	Kansala
Language(s)	Mandinkan
Religion	Ancestor worship
Political structure	Empire
Kaabu Mansaba
- 1537 - ?	Sama Koli (first)
- 1867	Janke Waali (last)
History
- Kaabu Province Founded	1230s
- Established	1537
- Kaabu Conquered by Futa Jallon	1867
Currency	Cowries

The Kaabu Empire (ver.: Gabu, Ngabou or N’Gabu') (1537-1867) was a Mandinka Kingdom of Senegambia (centered on modern northeastern Guinea-Bissau but extending into Casamance, Senegal) that rose to prominence in the region thanks to its origins as a former province of the Mali Empire. After the decline of the Mali Empire, Kaabu became an independent kingdom.

Tinkuru

The Mandinka arrived in Guinea-Bissau around the year 1200. One of the generals of Sundiata Keita, Tirmakhan Traore, conquered the area making Kaabu one of Mali's western tinkuru, or provinces in the 1230s. By the beginning of the 14th century, much of Guinea-Bissau was under the control of the Mali Empire and ruled by a Farim Kaabu (Commander of Kaabu) loyal to the Mansa of Mali. As in many places that saw Mandinka migrations, much of Guinea-Bissau's native population was dominated or assimilated. Resisters being sold into slavery via the trans-Sahara trade routes to Arab buyers. Although the rulers of Kaabu were Mandinka, many of their subjects were from ethnic groups who had resided in the region before the Mandinka invasion.

Independence

After the middle of the 14th century, Mali saw a steep decline due to raids by the Mossi to their south and the growth of the new Songhai Empire. During the 16th century, Mali lost many of its provinces reducing it to not much more than the Mandinka heartland. Succession disputes between heirs to Mali's throne also weakened its ability to hold even its historically secure possessions in Senegal, the Gambia, and Guinea-Bissau. Free of imperial oversight, these lands splintered off to form independent kingdoms. The most successful and longest lasting of these was Kaabu, which became independent in 1537. Kaabu's governor, Sami Koli, became the first ruler of an independent Kaabu. He was the grandson of Tiramakhan Traore. janke wali sanneh was the last ruler of kaabu.

Consolidation of Senegambia

Kaabu carried on the legacy of the Mali Empire much in the same way the Byzantine Empire preserved the culture and social structure of the Roman Empire. The rulers of the Kaabu Kingdom believed their right to rule came from their history as an imperial province. The kings of independent Kaabu discarded the title of Farim Kaabu for Kaabu Mansaba. At the Kaabu capital of Kansala, the Kaabu Mansaba controlled the increasingly valuable slave trade with Europeans. They specifically traded with the Portuguese, supplying many slaves to the Cape Verde Islands and the Americas. Among the provinces of the Kabu empire were Firdu, Pata, Kamako, Jimara, Patim Kibo, Patim Kanjaye, Kantora, Pakane Mambura, Kudura, Nampaio and Pacana.

Government

Kaabu, despite its ties to Mali, appears to have run in a quite different matter. Mali was established as a federation of chiefs, and the government operated with an assembly of nobles to which the Mansa was largely responsible. Kaabu, however, was established as a military outpost. So it is of little surprise that the kingdom's government was militaristic. The ruling class was composed of warrior-elites made rich by slaves captured in war. These nobles were known as Nyancho or the sanneh's and held much of the power in the state. These nobles were instrumental in the decline of Kaabu due to internal feuds between powerful Nyancho with their respective slave armies.

Music Culture

Mandinka oral tradition holds that Kaabu was the actual birth place of the Mande musical instrument, known as the Kora. A kora is built from a large calabash cut in half and covered with cow skin to make a resonator, and has a notched bridge like a lute or guitar. The sound of a Kora resembles that of a harp, though when played in the traditional style, it bears a closer resemblance to flamenco guitar techniques. The Kora was traditionally used by the griots as a tool for preserving history, ancient tradition, to memorize the genealogies of patron families and sing their praises, to act as conflict intermediaries between families, and to entertain. Its origins can be traced to the time of the Mali empire and linked with Jali Mady Fouling Cissoko, son of Bamba Cissoko. According to the griots, Mady visited a local lake in which he was informed that a genie who granted wishes had resided. Upon meeting him, Mady requested that the genie make him a brand new instrument that no griot had ever owned. The genie accepted, but only under the condition that Mady release his sister into his custody. After being informed, the sister agreed to the sacrifice, the genie complied, and hence, the birth of the legendary Kora. Aside from oral testimony, historians propose that the Kora appeared with the apogee of war chiefs from Kaabu, allowing the tradition to spread throughout the Mande area until it was made popular by Koryang Moussa in the 19th century.

Decline

The power of Kaabu began to wane as the heavily Islamic and militant Fula rallied against non-Muslim states in the region. This culminated in a regional jihad led by the Kingdom of Futa Tooro. In 1867, Kaabu came under siege from Alfa Molo Balde, a general from the Kingdom of Fouta Djallon. After the eleven day Battle of Kansala, Mansaba Janke Waali (also called Mansaba Dianke Walli) ordered the city's gunpowder stores to be set afire. The resulting explosion killed the Mandinka defenders and many of the attackers. Without Kansala, Mandinka hegemony in the region came to an end. The remains of the kingdom were under Fula control until the Portuguese suppression of the kingdom around the turn of the 20th century.

See also

• Mali Empire
• Battle of Kansala
• Kingdom of Futa Jallon
• Portuguese Guinea
• History of Guinea-Bissau

References

Sources

• Boubacar, Barry (1998). Senegambia and the Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 388 Pages. ISBN 0-52159-226-7. 

• Clark, Andrew F. & Lucie Colvin Phillips (1994). Historical Dictionary of Senegal. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press, Inc.. pp. 370 Pages. ISBN 0-81082-747-6. 

• Lobban, Richard (1979). Historical dictionary of the REpublics of Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde. Metuchen: The Scarecrow Press. pp. 193 Pages. ISBN 0-81081-240-1. 

• Ogot, Bethwell A. (1999). General History of Africa V: Africa from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp. 512 Pages. ISBN 0-52006-700-2. 

External links

• Ethiopiques
• Spatio-Temporal Boundaries of African Civilization Reconsidered
• Encyclopedia of World History
• Guinea-Bissau Fact File
• Worldstatesmen.org
• ECCO
• African Epics Resource Page