Passenger vehicles in the United States

"This article adopts the US Department of Transportation definition of "passenger vehicle" to mean cars and trucks used for passengers; the term here excludes buses and trains.

The United States is home to the largest passenger vehicle market of any country,cite web|url=http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0908125.html|title=Federal Highway Administration, numbers of drivers and motor vehicles since 1960|accessdate=2006-06-08] which is a consequence of the fact that it has the largest Gross Domestic Product of any country in the world.cite web|url=http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:20421402~menuPK:64133156~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html#hiincome|title=World Bank list of high income countries|accessdate=2006-06-08] Overall, there were an estimated 250,851,833 registered passenger vehicles in the United States according to a 2006 DOT study.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_11.html|title=Bureau of Transportation, number of vehicles and vehicle classification|accessdate=2006-06-08] This number, along with the average age of vehicles, has increased steadily since 1960, indicating a growing number of vehicles per capita. The United States is also home to three of the world's largest vehicle manufacturers; General Motors, Ford, and Chrysler, which are commonly referred to as the "Big Three." The motor car has become an integral part of American life, with vehicles outnumbering licensed drivers.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_11.html|title=Bureau of Transportation, number of vehicles and vehicle classification|accessdate=2006-06-08]

tatistics

The United States Department of Transportation's Federal Highway Administration as well as the National Automobile Dealers Association have published data in regard to the total number of vehicles, growth trends, and ratios between licensed drivers, the general population, and the increasing number of vehicles on American roads. Overall passenger vehicles have been outnumbering licensed drivers since 1972 at an ever increasing rate, while light trucks and vehicles manufactured by foreign marques have gained a larger share of the automotive market in the United States. In 2001, 90% of Americans drove to work in cars. [http://www.bts.gov/publications/highlights_of_the_2001_national_household_travel_survey/html/executive_summary.html Highlights of the 2001 National Household Travel Survey] , Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation, accessed May 21, 2006] New York City is the only locality in the country where more than half of all households do not own a car (the figure is even higher in Manhattan, over 75%; nationally, the rate is 8%).

Total number of vehicles

According to the US Bureau of Transit Statistics for 2006 there are 250,851,833 registered passenger vehicles in the US. Out of these roughly 251 million vehicles, 135,399,945 were classified as cars, while 99,124,775 were classified as "Other 2 axle, 4 tire vehicles," presumably SUVs and pick-up trucks. Yet another 6,649,337 were classified as vehicles with 2 axles and 6 tires and 2,169,670 were classified as "Truck, combination." There were approximately 6,686,147 motorcycles in the US in 2006.

According to cumulative data by the Federal Highway Administration (FHA) the number of motor vehicles has also increased steadily since 1960, only stagnating once in 1997 and declining from 1990 to 1991. Otherwise the number of motor vehicles has been rising by an estimated 3.69 million each year since 1960 with the largest annual growth between 1998 and 1999 as well as between 2000 and 2001 when the number of motor vehicles in the United States increased by eight million.ref|FHAdrivers Since the study by the FHA the number of vehicles has increased by approximately eleven million, one of the largest recorded increases. The largest percentage increase was between the years of 1972 and 1973 when the number of cars increased by 5.88%.

Age of vehicles in operation

In the year 2001, the National Automobile Dealers Association conducted a study revealing the average age of vehicles in operation in the US. The study found that of vehicles in operation in the US, 38.3% were older than ten years, 22.3% were between seven and ten years old, 25.8% were between three and six years old and 13.5% were less than two years old. According to this study the majority of vehicles, 60.6%, of vehicles were older than seven years in 2001.cite web|url=http://www.nada.org/Content/NavigationMenu/MediaCenter/NADAData/20021/NADAData_vos.pdf|title=NADA report on average age and number of vehicles (PDF file)|accessdate=2006-06-08] This relatively high age of automobiles in the US might be explained through increased quality and life expectancy of vehicles and a corresponding gradual decline in sales figures since 1998.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_12.html|title=Number of vehicles sold in the US according to the US Department of Transportation|accessdate=2006-06-09]

The median and mean age of automobiles has steadily increased since 1969. In 2005 the overall median age for automobiles was 8.9 years, a significant increase over 1990 when the median age of vehicles in operation in the US was 6.5 years and 1969 when the mean age for automobiles was 5.1 years.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/2005/html/table_01_25.html|title=Median age of vehicles|accessdate=2006-06-09] Of all body styles, pick-up trucks had the highest mean age (9.4 years), followed by cars with a mean age of 8.4 years and van with a mean age of 7.0 years. As SUVs are part of a relatively new consumer trend originating mostly in the 1990s, SUVs had the lowest mean age of any body style in the US (6.1 years). The average recreational vehicle was even older with a mean age of 12.5. The mean age has increased continuously for all body styles from 1969 to 2005.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/2005/html/table_01_25.html|title=Median age of vehicles|accessdate=2006-06-09]

ales

In the year 2006, 7,667,066 passengers cars were sold in the United Statescite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_12.html|title=Number of vehicles sold in the US according to the US Department of Transportation|accessdate=2006-06-09] according to the US Department of Transportation. This figure “Includes domestic and imported vehicles." (Department of Transportation) The number of vehicles sold in the US has been decreasing at a gradual yet continuous rate since 1999, when nearly 8.7 million vehicles were sold in the US. Looking back at history however, reveals that such decline is only part of normal market trends and most likely only a temporary affair. Overall, 1985 was a record year with cars sales totaling just over eleven million.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_12.html|title=Number of vehicles sold in the US according to the US Department of Transportation|accessdate=2006-06-09] While imports have been gaining ground in terms of units sold during the 2000s and have regained roughly the same market share they held in 1992, the sales of domestic vehicles are still more than double those of imported vehicles. It should be noted however that the US Bureau of Transportation Statistics "Includes cars produced in Canada and Mexico" as domestic vehicles as both countries are part of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). In 2006 the sales of vehicles made in NAFTA states totaled 5.5 million, while the sale of imported vehicles totaled 2.2 million. 923,000 vehicles were imported from Japan, making it the greatest exporter of vehicles to the US. Germany was the second largest exporter of vehicles to the US, with 534,000 units exported to the US in 2006. Imports from all other nations, except Germany and Japan, totaled 729,000.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_01_16.html|title=Sales figures according to the US Department of Transportation|accessdate=2006-06-09]

Pricing

In July 2004, Edmunds.com published a report stating that the average sticker price on a vehicle sold in the United States was $29,746.cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/help/about/press/102825/article.html|title=Edmunds.com pricing statistics|accessdate=2006-06-09] However, in the US, passenger vehicles are commonly sold at considerable discounts and customers rarely pay the sticker price or MSRP (Manufacturer's Suggested Retail Price).cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/help/about/press/102825/article.html|title=Edmunds.com pricing statistics|accessdate=2006-06-09] The discount is commonly determined by the company's marketing strategies and tends to be larger the slower selling a vehicle is. Due to what many American consumers have perceived as a declining quality among the automobiles manufactured by the "Big Three" and large fixed labor and capital costs, discounts tend to be larger on domestic vehicles. In 2003 the average discount on a domestic vehicle was 20.6% below MSRP. For Japanese and Korean vehicles the average discount was 10% and 12.8%. The lowest discounts were given on vehicles from European manufacturers, where the average discount was 7.7% below MSRP.cite web|url=http://www.theautochannel.com/news/2003/07/29/165850.html|title=Discounts according to the AutoChannel|accessdate=2006-06-09] Overall, the average discount in July 2004 was $4,982 (16.8%), meaning that while the average MSRP was almost $30,000, the average buyer of a new car paid only $24,764.cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/help/about/press/102825/article.html|title=Edmunds.com pricing statistics|accessdate=2006-06-09] Dr. Jane Liu, the Vice President of Data Analysis for Edmunds.com further stated that, "New models are being introduced at higher price points, but the competitiveness of the market is dramatically pushing down net prices, resulting in a record average discount." The lowest discounts among all car segments were given on luxury SUVs, where buyers received an average 10% discount, resulting in a $43,725 net price, versus the sticker price of $48,586.cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/help/about/press/102825/article.html|title=Edmunds.com pricing statistics|accessdate=2006-06-09]

Fuel economy

The American automobile industry became notorious for the manufacture of gas guzzlers during the 1960s and 1970s when fuel prices and consumer awareness concerning fuel economy were at an all-time low. In the 1960s and 1970s, American-made cars took on enormous proportions as consumers placed their emphasis on comfort, power and style. Large sedans from this era came to be known as land yachts, often rivaling today's largest pick-up trucks in terms of length and width. In 1977, the Lincoln Continental Mark V was reviewed by the German automobile magazine, "auto motor und sport" and still holds the record for the worst fuel economy of any vehicle ever tested by the magazine with an average of seven miles to the gallon.

Following the oil crisis of the early 1970s, however, smaller vehicles, often imported from Japan, became more and more popular with the American public as these vehicles featured better fuel economy ratings. In the late 1970s, the US government passed minimum fuel economy standards and in the 1980s American automobile manufacturers drastically downsized their cars, only a few vehicles, such as those using the Ford Panther platform retained their over-sized glory. The downsizing did, however, backfire in some cases. After downsizing nearly the entire Cadillac line-up in the late 1980s, General Motors scrambled to save its most prestigious marques. Many American manufacturers again increased the size of their vehicles in the 1990s, while better technology allowed for better fuel economy ratings among sedans.

According to the United States Department of Transportation, the average motor vehicle, including light trucks, in the US had a fuel economy rating of 17.1 miles a gallon or 13.8 liters per 100 kilometers. The average fuel economy for passenger vehicles in the United States has remained stagnant throughout the 1990s and 2000s, peaking in 2001 and 2004. Overall, the past decade has seen the slowest increase in fuel economy since 1960, with fuel economy increasing from 16.4 miles a gallon in 1990 to 17.1 miles a gallon today. This is in contrast to the 1980s when the average fuel economy improved somewhat more significantly from 13.3 miles a gallon in 1980 to 16.4 miles a gallon in 1990.cite web|url=http://www.bts.gov/publications/national_transportation_statistics/html/table_04_09.html|title=Fuel economy average|accessdate=2006-06-09] The lackluster increase in fuel economy during the 1990s is largely due to the rising popularity of Sport Utility Vehicles (SUVs), whose status as light trucks gains them exception from the fuel economy restrictions placed on sedans and other cars.cite web|url=http://www.sierraclubplus.org/hummerdinger/features/epa.html|title=Sierra Club fuel economy standard exemptions|accessdate=2006-06-09] According to the Sierra Club "In 1997 all three US automakers violated CAFE standards for light trucks." The Sierra Club is one of many environmental organizations who warn of the low fuel economy of SUV and hold these vehicles largely responsible for the low average fuel economy of vehicles in the United States.cite web|url=http://www.sierraclub.org/globalwarming/cleancars/cafe/index.asp|title=Sierra Club on fuel efficiency|accessdate=2006-06-09]

Vehicle and population ratios (millions) since 1960

Since 1960, the number of passenger vehicles has steadily risen, and since 1972 has exceeded the number of licensed drivers. Considering the population in the United States of 293,655,404 during the 2004 economic survey,cite web|url=http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/00000.html|title=US Census Bureau with US population and demographics in 2004|accessdate=2006-06-08] there is one passenger vehicles for every 1.20 persons in the United States, meaning that there are 833.34 passenger vehicles for every 1,000 Americans. According to the Federal Highway Administration there were an estimated 196 million licensed drivers in the United States in the year 2003. Considering the slightly lower number of motor vehicles for 2003, there were an estimated 1.17 motor vehicles per licensed driver, meaning that there are more vehicles than drivers in the US, with vehicles outnumbering drivers 1.2 to one.

The number of motor vehicles in the US has risen by 157 million (212.16%) since 1960, while the population of licensed drivers grew by 109 million (125.28%). Between 1971 and 1972, the number of motor vehicles in the US increased by four million, a record at the time. Since then, the gap between the number of cars and drivers has continuously risen. While in 1972 there were only one million more motor vehicles than drivers, cars outnumber drivers by 35 million in 2003. This means that while there were 0.84% more motor vehicles than drivers in 1972, there are now 17.85% more vehicles than drivers.

Body style and size

Mainstream mid-size sedans such as the Toyota Camry or Ford Taurus are often perceived to be the typical and most common body style in the United States. While mid-size sedans are indeed among the country's best selling vehicles, pick-up trucks held the top positions until mid-2008, rivaling sedans in the terms of total numbers sold. In the year 2006, the best selling models were the Ford F Series with 796,039 units sold and the Chevrolet Silverado with 636,069 units sold. The Toyota Camry, Dodge Ram, and Honda Accord held the next three positions as the best selling cars. Rising oil prices stripped pick-up trucks of the " Best selling vehicle type" title in mid-2008. The Toyota Corolla currently holds the title. cite web|url=http://www.edmunds.com/reviews/list/top10/120637/article.html|title=Edmunds.com list of best selling vehicles|accessdate=2008-03-22]

Manufacturing

The US was the largest producer of vehicles in the world in 2003, followed by Japan and Germany. While most vehicles sold in the US were manufactured by the Big Three, foreign corporations such as Japan's Toyota Motor Company have starting manufacturing in the US and are now an integrated part of the US automobile industry. According to many sources, the extended US operations of foreign based companies now rival those of American automobile manufacturers. For example, Toyota Motor Company now operates twelve manufacturing plants in the US, producing 1.55 million vehicles, 61.66% of the roughly 2.5 million vehicles the company sells in the US each year.cite web|url=http://www.toyota.com/about/operations/manufacturing/index.html|title=Toyota in the US|accessdate=2006-06-08]

A wide variety of vehicles are manufactured in the United States, from compacts to full-size luxury vehicles.cite web|url=http://www.uaw.org/uawmade/cartruck2006.cfm|title=UAW report on American made vehicles|accessdate=2006-06-08] The American automobile industry itself is probably best known for the manufacture of large cars, leading to the common public perception of American cars being larger than those from other countries and making the US well known for the production of so called land yachts. Currently, light trucks (including SUVs) of all sizes and full-sized sedans constitute the majority of vehicles made by workers of the United Auto Workers union (UAW).cite web|url=http://www.uaw.org/uawmade/cartruck2006.cfm|title=UAW report on American made vehicles|accessdate=2006-06-08] The Lincoln Town Car is currently the most expensive and largest car made in the US by an American manufacturer,cite web|url=http://autos.yahoo.com/newcars/comparison/results.html;_ylt=ArFi5IIFF55PU2WYh2iqguIOc78F?pagetitle=overview&carid0=17370&carid1=17277&carid2=17096|title=Pricing of American luxury sedans|accessdate=2006-06-08] while the Cadillac Escalade ESV Platinum is the most expensive SUV (This title used to held by the Hummer H1 until it was cancelled in May 2006).cite web|url=http://autos.yahoo.com/newcars/comparison/results.html;_ylt=AgoAhrWLzW5TTCj8sXH_wSIJc78F?pagetitle=overview&search_type=all&make=lincoln&model=4383%3Alincoln_navigator_2006&trim=17023&carid0=19009&carid1=18919&carid2=16806|title=Pricing of American luxury SUVs|accessdate=2006-06-08] The largest passenger vehicle currently produced in the United States is the Dodge Ram Extended Cab.cite web|url=http://autos.yahoo.com/newcars/comparison/results.html;_ylt=AgoAhrWLzW5TTCj8sXH_wSIYc78F?pagetitle=overview&search_type=all&make=toyotatruck&model=4596%3Atoyotatruck_tundra4x4_2006&trim=19027&carid0=18596&carid1=17651&carid2=17163|title=Largest American Pick-up trucks|accessdate=2006-06-08]

Domestic vehicles

While the denotation of domestic vehicle includes all vehicles made in the United States, the term "Domestic vehicle" in the United States is usually only applied to vehicles made by the "Big Three" and their traditional marques.cite web|url=http://www.amsoil.com/products/vin_code_lookup.pdf|title=AMISOL list of VIN codes and domestic vehicle marques|accessdate=2006-06-22] The term domestic vehicle does not include vehicles sold under marques who used to be headquartered outside the United States and are now owned by the Ford Motor Company or General Motors. Ironically, vehicles made "outside" the US by the traditional marques of the "Big Three" are considered to be domestic vehicles, while vehicles made "inside" the US by foreign manufacturers are not considered domestic, but rather import vehicles.cite web|url=http://www.amsoil.com/products/vin_code_lookup.pdf|title=AMISOL list of VIN codes and domestic vehicle marques|accessdate=2006-06-22]

Import vehicles

As with the term domestic vehicles, there is a legal definition for "import vehicles" but popular usage of the term, and popular views of what constitutes an "import" vehicle, vary widely.

For the purposes of Federal regulations, such as Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) and the American Automobile Labeling Act of 1994 (AALA) [http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/regrev/evaluate/809208.html] , vehicles produced in the United States, regardless of brand, are considered "domestic", while vehicles produced outside the United States are considered "imported".

However, many Americans view a Toyota vehicle made in Kentucky, or a Mercedes-Benz vehicle made in Alabama as an "import", while others view a Pontiac vehicle made in Australia as a "domestic" vehicle. This perception is due to the respective brands' longstanding association with their parent countries: Toyota with Japan, Mercedes-Benz with Germany and Pontiac with the United States.

The country of origin of any particular vehicle can be easily determined:

* The AALA requires that passenger vehicles manufactured after October 1, 1994 must have labels specifying their percentage value of U.S./Canadian parts content, the country of assembly, and countries of origin of the engine and transmission. These are typically part of, or adjacent, to the vehicle's Monroney Label.

* Each vehicle sold in the United States carries a Vehicle Identification Number, as required by NHTSA regulation — Title 49, Part 565 of the U.S. Code.Cite web
first = National Highway Transportation Safety Administration
author-link = NHTSA
title = Information for New Manufacturers of Motor Vehicles and Motor Vehicle Equipment
place= Washington, D.C.
year = 1999
url = http://www.nhtsa.dot.gov/cars/rules/maninfo/newmanufacturer.pdf
accessdate = 2007-07-30 ] The VIN identifies the vehicle's country of manufacture, and the company responsible for its production. Vehicles manufactured in the United States have VINs beginning with the numbers 1, 4, and 5 — regardless of where the company is based. Thus, a Toyota Camry made in the U.S. will have a 1, 4 or 5 at the start of its VIN, while one imported from Japan will begin with the letter J.

In the year 2000, according to an article in the magazine "Motor" BMW attempted to label its "X5" Sport Utility Vehicle, made in Spartanburg, South Carolina with a VIN beginning with the letter W — indicating the vehicle was made in Germany. A spokesman for the Society of Automotive Engineers, the agency responsible for assigning the three-digit "World Manufacturer Identifier" that begins the VIN label, was quoted as saying "We assign (codes) according to the dirt the plant's built on, not the headquarters of the company."Citation
last = Lypen
first = John
title = BMW VIN code switch
newspaper = Motor (Hearst Publications)
year = 2000
url = http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3828/is_200001/ai_n8896097
accessdate = 2007-07-30.]

The Big Three

"The Big Three" refers to the three largest automobile manufacturers headquartered in the United States. While there have been roughly 1,800 car manufacturers in the US over the course of the 20th century, only three large corporations with considerable sales numbers were left by the 1980s. The term is applied to General Motors, the Ford Motor Company, and the Chrysler Corporation.

General Motors

:"See General Motors for a complete overview of the corporation"
General Motors is the largest automobile manufacturer in the United States and the world. GM is headquartered at the Renaissance Center in downtown Detroit, employs approximately 327,000 people, sold 9.17 million cars world-wide, and had a $192.6 billion revenue for the year 2005. The corporation sells its vehicles in the United States under the following divisions and subsidiaries:cite web|url=http://www.gm.com/company/corp_info/profiles/|title=GM Company Profile|accessdate=2006-06-08]

*Buick
*Cadillac
*Chevrolet
*GMC
*Hummer
*Pontiac
*Saab
*Saturn

Ford Motor Company

:"See Ford Motor Company for a complete overview of the corporation"
The Ford Motor Company (FoMoCo) was founded in 1904 by Henry Ford, and is America's second largest and the world's third largest vehicle manufacturer according to total sales volume. In 2005, the Ford Motor Company had a total revenue of $178.1 billion. The corporation sells vehicles under the following brand names and subsidiaries:cite web|url=http://www.ford.com/en/default.htm|title=FoMoCo|accessdate=2006-06-08]

*Aston Martin (Ford retains a roughly 7.7% stakecite web|url=http://media.ford.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=25635&make_id=96|title=Ford Press Release|accessdate=2007-04-07] )
*Ford
*Jaguar (Sold to Tata Motors, with 'Land Rover brand in 2008)
*Lincoln
*Mazda
*Mercury
*Volvo

Chrysler

:"See Chrysler for more detailed description"
Formed in 1925 by Walter Percy Chrysler, the Chrysler Corporation has since been one of the most important American automobile manufacturers, consistently ranking as the third-biggest for most of the post-war period.

In 1998, the Chrysler Corporation officially merged with Daimler-Benz of Germany, into a new entity, DaimlerChrysler (DCX), which is headquartered both in Stuttgart, Germany and Auburn Hills, Michigan (where the pre-merger headquarters of DaimlerBenz and Chrysler, respectively, were located). This raised a dispute on whether Chrysler (or, more specifically, the Chrysler Group within DCX, which consists of most former Chrysler Corporation operations and is headquartered in Auburn Hills) can still be seen as a domestic manufacturer. Nevertheless, the term "Big Three" still applied. Chrysler is once again an independent American corporation as of 2007.

In 2005, the Chrysler Group employed 83,130 people and sold 2.83 million vehicles globally, generating $57.4 billion in revenue. Chrysler manufactures and sells vehicles under the following brands:

*Chrysler
*Dodge
*Jeep

Other automakers with manufacturing operations in United States

BMW

:"See BMW AG for a complete overview of the corporation"
BMW opened its American manufacturing plant in Spartanburg, South Carolina in 1994, to manufacture the Z3 roadster, later replaced by the Z4 model. Since 2000, the plant also manufactures the X3, X5 and X6 SUV. All those models are made exclusively at Spartanburg for both the domestic market and worldwide exports (not counting CKD operations in some countries).

Honda

:"See Honda for a complete overview of the corporation"
Honda was the first Japanese automaker to build a factory in the United States. Following the success of the Accord, the company opened a new plant in Marysville, Ohio in 1982 to assemble the model, which went on to become the most popular car in the US in 1989. Honda expanded their operations and the scope of models manufactured in the US, building the Anna engine plant and East Liberty automobile assembly plant, and in 2001 opening Honda Manufacturing of Alabama in Lincoln. Most models sold under the Honda and Acura brands in North America are currently manufactured in either the U.S. or Canada. Others, such as the Honda Fit, Honda S2000, Acura TSX, and Acura RL, are imported from Japan. Some vehicles, such as the older CR-V (in the eastern United States) and the Civic SI hatchback, were imported from the UK. Some Accord passenger cars were imported from Mexico in the early 2000s.

Hyundai

:"See Hyundai Motor Manufacturing Alabama for more detailed description"
Hyundai Motor Company started manufacturing in the United States in 2005, when their plant in Montgomery, Alabama started the production of the Sonata sedan. It was joined in 2006 by the new Santa Fe SUV.

Mazda

:"See AutoAlliance International for more detailed description"
Ford Motor Company and Mazda Motor Corporation jointly operate an automobile assembly plant in Michigan that currently produces the Mazda6 and the Ford Mustang.

Mercedes-Benz

:"See Mercedes-Benz U.S. International for more detailed description"
In 1997, a year before the merger of Damiler-Benz and Chrysler, the former Daimler-Benz followed the steps of their Bavarian competitor and opened a plant in Tuscaloosa County, Alabama, to serve as a worldwide production location for the new M-Class. The M-Class has since then been replaced by a new generation and joined by the new R-Class and GL-Class, also manufactured exclusively in Alabama.

Mitsubishi Motors Corporation

:"See Diamond-Star Motors for more detailed description"
Mitsubishi Motors entered the American market through a long-standing partnership with Chrysler Corporation, and later this partnership was extended into a 50/50 joint venture manufacturing operation named Diamond-Star Motors (DSM) in Normal, Illinois. In 1991, Mitsubishi took over Chrysler's share in DSM and in 1995 renamed it Mitsubishi Motors North America, Inc. (MMNA) Manufacturing Division. The plant has produced a number of Mitsubishi models and their Chrysler, Dodge, Plymouth and Eagle derivatives, and currently manufactures vehicles based on the American-designed PS platform - the Galant, Eclipse and Endeavor. Manufacturing of related Chrysler-branded vehicles was taken over by Chrysler Group, and while other related Mitsubishi vehicles are sold worldwide.

Nissan

:"See Nissan Motors for a complete overview of the corporation"
Nissan opened their first factory in the 1980s in Smyrna, Tennessee, joined in the new millennium by another plant in Canton, Mississippi. Most models sold under the Nissan brand in United States, as well as Infiniti QX56, are currently manufactured there - contrary to Toyota or Honda, the company does not have any manufacturing operation in Canada. However, Nissan maintains manufacturing operations in Mexico, from which its smaller U.S.-market cars are imported from. Most North American models are specific to this market, although some models, like the Murano and Quest, are exported to other continents.

ubaru

:"See Subaru of Indiana Automotive, Inc. for more detailed description"
Subaru teamed up with fellow Japanese manufacturer Isuzu, forming a joint-venture called Subaru Isuzu Automotive to build and operate a manufacturing plant in Lafayette, Indiana. The plant made Subaru cars and Isuzu SUVs mostly for the American market until 2003, when Isuzu, facing faltering sales in America, decided to quit the venture selling their share to Subaru for $1. The plant continued to build Isuzu Rodeos under contract until the end of that vehicle's production run. From then on, the production was limited to Subaru models such as Legacy and its derivatives Outback and Baja, as well as the new B9 Tribeca. The two latter models are only built in Indiana for all markets where they are sold. After Toyota acquired a stake in Fuji Heavy Industries, the parent company of Subaru, it shifted some of the Toyota Camry production to the Lafayette plant.

Tesla Motors

Tesla Motors is currently producing an all-electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster, in the UK. Future plans of the company include producing a high quality sedan in the US followed by a more economical one by 2012.

Toyota Motor Corporation

:"See Toyota Motor Manufacturing North America for more detailed description"
Toyota's first foray into automobile manufacturing in the United States was NUMMI, a joint venture with General Motors based on the latter's production facility in California, which started in 1984 and has been manufacturing Toyota models and their versions branded as Geo, Chevrolet and Pontiac. Toyota went on to establish a number of wholly owned plants in states such as Kentucky, Indiana, California, West Virginia and Alabama, as well as in Canada. It does not, however, operate a plant in Mexico. More than half of Toyota-branded vehicles sold in the United States come from American plants. Conversely, all Scions are imported from Japan. Lexus-branded models are imported from Japan or Canada (RX only).

ee also

*List of automobile manufacturers
*List of largest passenger vehicles in the United States
*United States of America
*General Motors
*Ford Motor Company
*DaimlerChrysler

References