Procolophonomorpha

Taxobox
name = "Procolophonomorpha"
fossil_range = Permian to Recent (if incl. Chelonia)

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image_width = 250px
image_caption = "Rhipaeosaurus".
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
subphylum = Vertebrata
superclassis = Tetrapoda
classis = Sauropsida/Reptilia
subclassis = Anapsida/Parareptilia
ordo = Procolophonomorpha
ordo_authority = Romer, 1964
subdivision_ranks = Groups
subdivision = See taxonomyThe Procolophonomorpha are an order or clade of early reptiles that appeared during the Middle Permian. They constitute a diverse asemblage that includes a number of lizard-like forms, as well as more diverse types like the Pareiasaurs. The most important subclade, the Procolophonia are traditionally thought to be ancestral to (and henxce to include) the Turtles. Lee 1995, 1996, 1997 argues that turtles evolved from Pareiasaurs but this view is by no means held unanimously. Rieppel and deBraga 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 argue that turtles evolved from Sauropterygians

Taxonomy

The following is based chiefly on Mikko's Phylogeny Archive, but also on Carroll 1988 and Laurin & Gauthier 1996. Note that classifications and even terminology vary widely, according to which authority one cites.

* CLASS SAUROPSIDA
** Subclass PARAREPTILIA
*** Order Procolophonomorpha "sensu" Lee, 1995 (= Ankyramorpha deBraga & Reitz, 1996)
**** Superfamily Lanthanosuchoidea
***** Family Acleistorhinidae
***** Family Lanthanosuchidae
**** Order Procolophonomorpha "sensu" Rieppel & deBraga, 1996 and deBraga & Rieppel, 1997 = Suborder Procolophonia "sensu" Carroll 1988
***** Family Nycteroleteridae (paraphyletic)
***** Family Rhipaeosauridae (paraphyletic)
****** Suborder Procolophonia "sensu" Laurin & Gauthier, 1996 = Procolophoniformes "sensu" Lee, 1995, 1996
******* Superfamily Procolophonoidea
******** Family Owenettidae (paraphyletic)
********* Family Procolophonidae
********* Family Sclerosauridae
******* Superfamily Pareiasauroidea (paraphyletic according to Lee 1995, 1996, 1997)
******** Pareiasauridae
******* Order Chelonia

References

* Carroll, R. L., 1988: Appendix; Vertebrate Classification. in Carroll, R. L. 1988: "Vertebrate Paleontology and Evolution", W. H. Freeman and company, New York
* deBraga M. & O. Rieppel. 1997. Reptile phylogeny and the interrelationships of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 120: 281-354.
* deBraga, M. & Reisz, R. R., 1996: The Early Permian reptile Acleistorhinus pteroticus and its phylogenetic position. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology: Vol. 16, #3, pp. 384-395
* Laurin, M., & Gauthier, J. A., 1996 [http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=462 Phylogeny and Classification of Amniotes] , at the Tree of Life Web Project
* Lee, M. S. Y. 1995. Historical burden in systematics and the interrelationships of 'Parareptiles'. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 70: 459-547.
* Lee M. S. Y. 1996. Correlated progression and the origin of turtles. Nature 379: 812-815.
* Lee, M. S. Y., 1997: Pareiasaur phylogeny and the origin of turtles. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society: Vol. 120, pp. 197-280
* Rieppel O. & M. deBraga. 1996. Turtles as diapsid reptiles. Nature 384: 453-455.

External links

* [http://www.fmnh.helsinki.fi/users/haaramo/metazoa/Deuterostoma/Chordata/Reptilia/Parareptilia/Procolophonomorpha.htm Procolophonomorpha] - Mikko's Phylogeny Archive
* [http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/Unit200/100.html Basal Anapsids] - Palaeos