Olicana

Coordinates: 53°55′37″N 1°49′30″W / 53.927°N 1.825°W / 53.927; -1.825

Olicana
Remains of the outer walls at the Roman Fort, looking towards Ilkley Manor House
Olicana  Olicana shown within West Yorkshire
OS grid reference	SE115478
List of places: UK • England • West Yorkshire

Olicana is generally recognised as the Roman fort on the south bank of the River Wharfe, situated at the centre of where Ilkley, a Victorian spa town in West Yorkshire, England now stands.

Identification

The traditional view is that Olicana is the fort at Ilkley, but the identification is not settled.^[1] Ptolemy mentions Olikana in his Geographia (c. 150), although Rivet and Smith give Olenacum as the proper form of the name, rejecting Ptolemy's Olikana as corrupt.^[2] The 1086 Domesday Book gives Ilecliue also variants Illecliue, Illiclei and Illicleia for Ilkley. Modern scholarship has, however, suggested that the Roman name would be better applied to the fort at Elslack (Eleslac in Domesday Book) near Skipton.^[1]

History

Roman gravestone found in Ilkley

The first fort at Ilkley was founded by Agricola around 80 AD and was largely constructed of wood,^[3] but this was later abandoned in the 120s.^[1] A second fort was erected around 161 AD which survived for 30 years, before being burnt down,^[3] perhaps during a documented rebellion by the inhabitants of northern Britain.^[1] It was immediately replaced by a stone fort which survived until the end of the Roman period.^[3] The fort was abandoned in the late 4th or early 5th century.^[3]

A substantial civil settlement, the vicus, formed the nucleus of the village that followed.^[3] Excavations have yet to reveal continuous habitation from Roman times, but it is quite likely that a village established itself within the ramparts of the fort following the Roman departure.^[4] Anglo-Saxon settlement probably did not take place until well into the seventh century, and the sculptured crosses are evidence of a church here in the eighth and ninth centuries.^[4]

The site today

A wall, once part of the fort, can still be seen near the town's old Manor House Art Gallery & Museum.^[5] Around the area are four signs showing the edges of the walls of the fort.^[5] The area of the fort extends underneath the Manor House and nearby All Saints Parish Church. The church has a collection of Roman altars and Anglo-Saxon crosses.^[6] The Roman altars date to the reigns of Antoninus Pius (138 to 161), and Septimius Severus and his son Caracalla (211 to 217).^[7]

References

1. ^ ^{a b c d} ILKLEY - The Romans in West Yorkshire - West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service
2. ^ Rivet, A. L. F., and Smith, C., 1962, The place names of Roman Britain
3. ^ ^{a b c d e} Ilkley history before the Victorians
4. ^ ^{a b} History of the Church - All Saints Parish Church
5. ^ ^{a b} ILKLEY MANOR HOUSE - Art Gallery & Museum
6. ^ History of the Building - All Saints Parish Church
7. ^ Shaw, Thomas (1830). The History of Wharfedale, Otley: William Walker, pp.72–5

External links

• Ilkley Manor House - Art Gallery and Museum
• ILKLEY - The Romans in West Yorkshire - West Yorkshire Archaeology Advisory Service