Vicus

In the history of the Roman empire, a vicus (pl. vici) was an "ad hoc" provincial civilian settlement that sprang up close to and because of a nearby official Roman site, usually a military garrison or state-owned mining operation.

The vici differed from the planned civilian towns (civitates) that were laid out as official, local economic and administrative centres, the coloniæ which were settlements of retired troops, or the formal political entities created from existing settlements, the municipia.

Unplanned, and originally lacking any public administrative buildings, they had no specific legal status (unlike other settlements) and developed in order to profit from Roman troops with little to distract them otherwise when off duty. As with most garrison towns they provided entertainment and supplies for the troops but many also developed prestigious industries, especially metal and glass working.

Initially quite ephemeral, many vici were transitory sites that followed a mobile unit; once a permanent garrison was established they grew into larger townships. Often the number of official civitates and coloniæ were not enough to settle everyone who wished to live in a town and so the vici also attracted a wider range of residents, with some becoming chartered towns where no other existed nearby. Some, such as that at Vercovicium (Housesteads) outgrew their forts altogether, especially in the third century once soldiers were permitted to marry.

Early vici had no civilian administration and were under the direct control of the Roman military commander. Those that attracted significant numbers of Roman citizens were later permitted to form local councils and some, such as the vicus at Eboracum (York), grew into regional centres and even provincial capitals.

Vicus is also a word of disputed meaning in the first sentence from James Joyce's Finnegans Wake.

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References

*cite book | first = John| last = Wacher| authorlink = | coauthors = | year = 1996| month = | title = The Towns of Roman Britain| chapter = | editor = | others = | edition = | pages = | publisher = Routledge| location = London| id = | url =