Tokugawa Ietsuna

Infobox Ruler Japan
name =Tokugawa Ietsuna
title =Shogun (4th)
reign =1671 – 1680
predecessor =Tokugawa Iemitsu

successor ="Shogun:"
Tokugawa Tsunayoshi

issue =Tsunayoshi
Naohime
date of birth =birth date|1641|09|07|df=y
date of death =death date|1680|06|04|df=y
father =Tokugawa Iemitsu
mother =Houjuin|nihongo|Tokugawa Ietsuna|徳川 家綱|extra= September 7, 1641-June 4, 1680 was the fourth shogun of the Tokugawa dynasty of Japan who was in office from 1651 to 1680. He was the eldest son of Tokugawa Iemitsu, thus making him the grandson of Tokugawa Hidetada and the great-grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu.

Early Life (1641-1651)

Tokugawa Ietsuna was born in 1641, the eldest son of Tokugawa Iemitsu and a concubine. At that time his father was shogun in his own right, and had enacted several anti-Christian measures after the bloody Shimabara Rebellion of 1637. Though the suppression of this rebellion quelled all serious threats to Tokugawa rule, it was nonetheless an unsure era. Ietsuna was a frail child, and this carried over into his adult years. Nothing else is known of his youth.

hogunal Regency (1651-1663)

Tokugawa Iemitsu died in early 1651, before he reached the age of fifty. After his death, the Tokugawa dynasty was at major risk. Ietsuna, the heir, was only ten years old. Nonetheless, despite his age, Minamoto no Ietsuna became shogun in "Kei'an" 4 (1651). [Titsingh, I. "Annales des empereurs du Japon," p. 412.] Until he came of age, five regents were to rule in his place; but Shogun Ietsuna nevertheless assumed a role as formal head of the bakufu bureaucracy.

Ietsuna had five regents to rule in his name. These were Sakai Tadakatsu, Sakai Tadakiyo, Inaba Masanori, Matsudaira Nobutsuna (a distant member of the Tokugawa), and two others. In addition to this regency, Iemitsu handpicked his half-brother, Hoshina Masayuki.

The first thing that Shogun Ietsuna and the regency had to address was the ronin (masterless samurai). During the reign of Shogun Iemitsu, two samurai, Yui Shosetsu and Marubashi Chuya, had been planning an uprising in which the city of Edo would be burned to the ground and, amidst the confusion, Edo Castle would be raided and the shogun, other members of the Tokugawa and high officials would be executed. Similar occurrences would happen in Kyoto and Osaka. Shosetsu was himself of humble birth and he saw Toyotomi Hideyoshi as his idol.

Nonetheless, the plan was discovered after the death of Iemitsu, and Ietsuna's regents were brutal in suppressing the rebellion, which came to be known as the Keian Uprising or the "Tosa Conspiracy". [Screech, T. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822." pp. 85-89.] Chuya was brutally executed along with his family and Shosetsu's family. Shosetsu choose to commit seppuku rather than being captured.

In 1652, about 800 ronin led a small disturbance on Sado Island, and this was also brutally suppressed. But for the most part, the remainder of Ietsuna's rule was not disturbed anymore by the ronin as the government became more civilian oriented.

In "Meireki" 3 (1657), on the 18th-19th day of the 1st month, when Shogun Ietsuna was almost 20 years old, a great fire erupted in Edo and burned the city to the ground. [Titsingh, p. 413.] It took two years to rebuild the city and bakufu officials supervised the rebuilding of the city. In 1659, Shogun Ietsuna presided over the opening ceremonies.

"Bakufu" Power Struggle (1663-1671)

In 1663, the regency for Shogun Ietsuna ended, but the regents still held power for him, the first time that the power behind the bakufu was not a former shogun. Ietsuna's chief advisors were now Hoshina Masayuki, Ietsuna's uncle (whom he had deep regard for) Itakura Shigenori, Tsuchiya Kazunao, Kuze Hiroyuki, and Inaba Masanori. Even though Ietsuna was now ruling in his own right, these former regents now became his official advisors, and in some cases, acted for him. In some cases, however, Ietsuna acted upon his own accord, as when he came up with the idea of abolishing junshi, where a samurai follows his lord into death.

Another example of this is in 1671, when the Date family of Sendai was involved in a succession dispute. The bakufu intervened, and prevented another rendition of the Ōnin War. By 1671, however, many of the former regents were either dead or retired, and Ietsuna began to rule in his own right.

hogun Ietsuna (1671-1680)

Following the succession dispute of the Date, very few disturbances occurred for the remainder of Ietsuna's reign, except some defiant daimyo.

In 1679, Shogun Ietsuna fell ill. His succession began to be discussed, in which Sakai Tadakiyo took an active role. He suggested that a son of Emperor Go-Sai become the next shogun, following the precedent of the later Kamakura shoguns, who in reality were members of the blood royal. Tadakiyo probably saw himself as becoming powerful like the Hōjō regents, and thus many members of the Tokugawa blood preferred the son of Shogun Iemitsu and Shogun Ietsuna's younger brother, Tokugawa Tsunayoshi, to become shogun. Tadakiyo retired, embarrassed, and shortly after, Tokugawa Ietsuna died in 1680. His posthumous name was Genyūin. [Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice. (1999). [http://books.google.com/books?id=H2xdLbvCR6sC&pg=PA541&vq=ogasawara&dq=sado+no+kami+nagashige&source=gbs_search_s&sig=IGOa1Y9xBAEbDX62osoo70iKy4U#PPA440,M1 "Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed," p. 440.] ] He was succeeded by his younger brother, Tsunayoshi.

Though Ietsuna proved to be an able leader, affairs were largely controlled by the regents his father had appointed, even after Ietsuna was declared old enough to rule in his own right.

Eras of Ietsuna's "bakufu"

The years in which Ietsuna was shogun are more specifically identified by more than one era name or "nengō". [ Titsingh, pp. 410-412.]
* "Keian" (1648-1652)
* "Jōō" (1652-1655)
* "Meireki" (1655-1658)
* " Manji" (1658-1661)
* " Kanbun" (1661-1673)
* "Enpō" (1673-1681)

Notes

References

* Bodart-Bailey, Beatrice M. (1999). [http://books.google.com/books?id=H2xdLbvCR6sC&dq=ogasawara+nagashige&source=gbs_summary_s&cad=0 "Kaempfer's Japan: Tokugawa Culture Observed."] Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 10-ISBN 0-824-82066-5
* Screech, Timon. (2006). "Secret Memoirs of the Shoguns: Isaac Titsingh and Japan, 1779-1822." London: RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-700-71720-X
* Titsingh, Isaac. (1822). "Illustrations of Japan." London: Ackerman.
* Titsingh, Isaac,ed. (1834). [Siyun-sai Rin-siyo/Hayashi Gahō, 1652] , "Nipon o daï itsi ran; ou, Annales des empereurs du Japon." Paris: Oriental Translation Fund of Great Britain and Ireland. [http://books.google.com/books?id=18oNAAAAIAAJ&dq=nipon+o+dai+itsi+ran ..Click link to digitized, full-text copy of this book (in French)]
*Totman, Conrad. (1967). "Politics in the Tokugawa bakufu, 1600-1843". Cambridge: Harvard University Press.