James Stuart (1713-1788)

James "Athenian" Stuart (1713 - 2 February 1788) was an English archaeologist, architect and artist best known for his central role in pioneering Neoclassicism.cite web |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/architecture/james_athenian_stuart/index.html |title= "James 'Athenian' Stuart, 1713-1788." |author= Victoria and Albert Museum |format= html |date= Spring 2007 |quote= Widely recognised for his central role in pioneering Neo-Classicism, Stuart developed his influential career across various fields: interior decoration, sculpture, furnishing, metalwork and architecture. ]

Life

Early life

Stuart was born in 1713 in Creed Lane, Ludgate Street, London, to a Scottish sailor who died when he was young. Proving a talented artist while his family was in poverty, he was apprenticed to a fan painter to support the family financially. However, in around 1799, he was able to travel to Italy (albeit on foot) for his artistic improvement, working there as a "cicerone" and a painter, learning Latin, Italian and Greek, and studying Italian and Roman art and architecture. There he produced his first major work, his illustrated treatise on the Egyptian obelisk of Psammetichus II within A. M. Bandini's "De obelisco Caesaris Augusti", and met Nicholas Revett, a young East Anglian nobleman and amateur architect on his Grand Tour.

Naples and Greece

In 1748 Stuart joined Revett, Gavin Hamilton and the architect Matthew Brettingham the youngercite web |url= http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-9808(199412)53%3A4%3C428%3AMBTYFC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-%23 |title= "Matthew Brettingham the Younger, Foots Cray Place, and the Secularization of Palladio's Villa Rotonda in England." |author= Stanford Anderson |format= html |work= The Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, Vol. 53, No. 4, pp. 428-447 |date= December 1994 |quote= The younger Matthew Brettingham (1725-1803) ... In 1748, he visited Naples in the company of Gavin Hamilton, James Stuart, ... ] on a trip to Naples to study the ancient ruins and, from there, under the auspices of the Society of Dilettanti of London, they travelled through the Balkans (stopping at Pula) to Greece. Visiting Salonica, Athens, and an Ionic temple on the River Ilissus among others, they made accurate measurements and drawings of the ancient ruins.

Antiquities of Athens

Stuart and Revett returned to London in 1755 and published their work, "The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece," in 1762. There were more than five hundred subscribers to its first volume and, although few of the subscribers were architects or builders, thus limiting its impact as a design sourcebook, it later helped fuel the Greek Revival in European architecture. [cite news |url= http://arts.guardian.co.uk/art/architecture/story/0,,2037352,00.html |title= Greece is the Word |date= March 27, 2007 |publisher= "The Guardian" |quote= He was the Indiana Jones of his day, dodging murderers to pull off astounding architectural coups. |accessdate= 2007-06-16] Its illustrations were among the first of their kind and the work was welcomed by antiquaries, scholars, and gentleman amateurs.

Work in England

On his return to England, he also acted as an interior designer, medal designer, and architect, creating the first tripod in metal since antiquity,cite web |url= http://www.vam.ac.uk/collections/architecture/james_athenian_stuart/highlights/tripod_burner/index.html |title= Tripod perfume burner for Wentworth Woodhouse. |author= Victoria and Albert Museum |format= html |date= Spring 2007 |quote= This tripod perfume burner is one of Stuart's most important and enduring designs. It is is based on his sketch of a reconstruction of the tripod that once stood on the roof of the Choragic Monument of Lysicrates in Athens. On his return to London, Stuart revived this tripod form, which appears as a decorative object in his drawings dating from as early as 1757. ] building and remodelling country houses, garden buildings, and town houses (eg Shugborough Hall, Hagley Hall, Spencer House), creating book illustrations, designing commemorative medals and tomb monuments, and being appointed Surveyor to the Royal Naval Hospital, Greenwich.

Later life

Stuart's more and more chaotic business practices (possibly to be explained by his chronic gout and deteriorating health, and to his coming into a private fortune - a contemporary report on his death in The World stated that "unexpectedly to most people, [he] has died possessed of much property, chiefly on mortgage on new buildings in Marybone") attracted adverse comment from the late 1760s. By the early 1780s, his devoting the afternoons not to business but to drinking (sources state he "regularly frequented a public-house on the north side of Leicester-fields, of the sign of the feathers" and that "his face declared him to be fond of what is called friendly society" - J. T. Smith, Nollekens and his Times, 1929, 27) and playing skittles was even commented on by his friends. Enemies even accused him of 'Epicurianism' in reference to his alcoholism and recent second marriage at 67 to Elizabeth, a maidservant of 20, by whom he had five children, of whom two died before him. (His first marriage had been to someone described in different places as his housekeeper and as a ‘Grecian lady’.)

Stuart continued to work on and off, and returned to working on "The Antiquities of Athens," though it was still unfinished at the time of his death in 1788, with the final volume only appearing in 1816, when the Greek Revival it had fostered was starting to become the dominant force in British architecture. He died suddenly on 2 February 1788 at his house on the south side of Leicester Square, London and was buried in the crypt of nearby St Martin-in-the-Fields.

His London buildings played some part in popularising Neo-classical taste. "The Antiquities of Athens" allowed architects, sculptors and designers in Europe and America for the first time to use Neo-Classicism without having to go to Greece themselves and acted as a sourcebook for them for the next two centuries. The first retrospective on his life and works was held at the Victoria and Albert Museum in early 2007.

Bibliography

* James Stuart & Nicholas Revett, "The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece" (London, 1762). ISBN 1402159846 (2002 reprint edition. According to at least one review, this modern "facsimile" is incomplete.)cite web |url= http://www.amazon.com/Antiquities-Athens-Other-Monuments-Greece/dp/1402159846 |title= Customer review of "The Antiquities of Athens and other Monuments of Greece." |format= html |work= Amazon.com |date= 4 August 2006 |quote= According to the publisher "This Elibron Classic Replica Edition is an unabridged facsimile of the edition published in 1837 by Charles Tilt, London." However, where the original is a folio size this reproduction is reduced to an octavo size measuring only 21 x 13.5 x 1.75 centimetres. The text is still very large but the drawings — reduced to a quarter of the original size — suffer: the linework is so fine that it disappears in places and most of the dimensions are unreadable. This paperback has glued binding and 104 pages. The original publication was in 3 volumes. This edition seems to be incomplete. It is certainly missing the full page drawings of the metopes that I recall from my university's first edition. ]

* James Stuart, "Critical observations on the buildings and improvements of London" (London, 1771). ISBN 0404701892 (1992 reprint edition.)

*In 2007 "The Antiquities of Athens and Other Monuments of Greece" was published as a hard bound reprint edition by Princeton Architectural Press. It is represented as a complete reprint. Running in size: 9 x 12 in or 22.9 cm by 30.5 cm. 496 pages with 400 illustrations.

References