Nose flute

Fijian girl playing nose flute.

The nose flute is a popular musical instrument played in Polynesia and the Pacific Rim countries. Other versions are found in Africa, China, and India.

Hawaii

In the North Pacific, in the Hawaiian islands the nose flute was a common courting instrument. In Hawaiian, it is variously called hano, "nose flute," (Pukui and Elbert 1986), by the more specific term 'ohe hano ihu, "bamboo flute [for] nose," or `ohe hanu `ihu, "bamboo [for] nose breath" (Nona Beamer lectures).

It is made from a single bamboo section. According to Arts and Crafts of Hawai`i by Te Rangi Hiroa, old flutes in the Bishop Museum collection have a hole at the node area for the breath, and two or three fingering holes. In the three-finger-hole specimen, one fingering hole is placed near the breath hole. Lengths range from around 10 inches to over 21 inches.

Oral tradition in various families states that numbers of fingering holes ranged from one to four, and location of the holes varied depending on the musical taste of the player. Though primarily a courting instrument played privately and for personal enjoyment, it also could be used in conjunction with chants, song, and hula. Kumu hula (dance masters), were said to be able to either make the flute sound as though it were chanting, or to chant as they played (Emerson, 1965). Kumu hula Leilehua Yuen is one of the few contemporary Hawaiian musicians who performs with the nose flute in this manner.

Africa

In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the nose flute is played by eight different ethnic groups.^[1]

Philippines

In the Philippines, the pitung ilong (flute nose in Tagalog), or the kalaleng of the northern Bontok people, is played with the extreme forward edge of the right or left nostril. Because the kalaleng is long and has a narrow internal diameter, it is easy to play different harmonics through overblowing - even with the rather weak force of the air from one nostril. Thus, this nose flute can play notes in a range of two and a half octaves. Finger holes in the side of the bamboo tube change the operating length, giving various scales. Some players take a filter tip from a cigarette and plug up the other (unused) nostril, in order to increase the force of their breath through the flute.

Nguru from New Zealand

New Zealand

Historically in New Zealand, the Māori carved nguru from wood, the stem of a gourd and whales teeth. Nguru were often adorned with very elaborate carvings, befitting what is considered a sacred object. Although Nguru are commonly known as nose flutes, it is only the smaller instruments that can be played with the nose, more commonly Nguru are played with the mouth.

The Māori kōauau ponga ihu, a gourd nose flute, was also part of the nose flute tradition; note that a similarly constructed gourd nose flute, ipu ho kio kio was also used in Hawaii. The maker would form a nose hole in the neck (or stem) of the gourd, by cutting off the neck at a fairly small cross section. This small hole is placed under the player's nostril, in order to generate the flute-tone. The "kōauau ponga ihu" functions as an ocarina in its acoustic principles. Several notes of a scale can be obtained by drilling fingerholes into the "bowl" of the gourd.

See also

• Nose whistle

References

1. ^ Grove's Dictionary of Musical Instruments, 1984 edition.

External links

• `Ohe Hano Ihu page in Ka`ahele Hawai`i on traditional Hawaiian nose flute
• Hawaiian nose flute - 'Ohe hano ihu sound clip performed by Ranga Pae
• Samples at the whistle museum.
• Māori Nguru in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa