Toowoomba, Queensland

Infobox Australian Place | type = city
name = Toowoomba
state = QLD


caption = Location of Toowoomba in Queensland (red)
pop = 95,265 (Census 2006) |pop_footnotes=Census 2006 AUS|id=UCL356800|name=Toowoomba (Urban Centre/Locality)|quick=on|accessdate=2008-02-28]
poprank = 15th
density = 209.4
est = 1840's
postcode = 4350
elevation= 691
elevation_footnotes=cite web
publisher = Bureau of Meteorology
title=TOOWOOMBA
work=Climate Averages for Australian Sites
url = http://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_041103_All.shtml
accessdate = 2008-25-09 ]
area =
timezone = AEST
utc = +10
maxtemp = 22.6
mintemp = 11.4
rainfall = 944
lga = Toowoomba Regional Council
stategov = Toowoomba North, Toowoomba South and Cunningham
fedgov = Groom
dist1 = 132
location1 = Brisbane
county = Churchill

Toowoomba (nicknamed 'The Garden City') is a city in South East Queensland, Australia. It is located convert|132|km|mi|0|abbr=on west of Queensland's capital city, Brisbane. With an urban population of 95,265, Toowoomba is one of Australia's largest provincial cities.

A university and cathedral city, Toowoomba hosts the Australian Carnival of Flowers each September, and Easterfest is held annually over the Easter weekend.

From the March 2008, quadrennial local government elections, Toowoomba has been amalgamated with surrounding rural shires and towns to form Toowoomba Regional Council.

History

Toowoomba's colonial history traces back to 1816 when English botanist and explorer Allan Cunningham arrived in Australia from Brazil and in June 1827 discovered 4 million acres (16,000 km²) of rich farming and grazing land bordered on the east by the Great Dividing Range and situated 100 miles (160 km) west of the settlement of Moreton Bay. Thirteen years later when George and Patrick Leslie established Toolburra Station convert|56|mi|km|0 south-west of Toowoomba the first settlers arrived on the Downs and established a township of bark-slab shops called The Springs which was soon renamed Drayton. Towards the end of the 1840s Drayton had grown to the point where it had its own newspaper, general store, trading post and the Royal Bull's Head Inn, which was built by William Horton and still stands today. Horton is regarded as the true founder of Toowoomba, despite the fact that he was not the first man to live there. Drovers and wagon masters spread the news of the new settlement at Toowoomba. By 1858 Toowoomba was growing fast. It had a population of 700, three hotels and many stores. Land selling at £4 an acre (£988/km²) in 1850 was now £150 an acre (£37,000/km²). Governor Bowen granted the wish of locals and a new municipality was proclaimed on 24 November 1860. The first town council election took place on 4 January 1861 and William Henry Groom won.

In 1892, the Under Secretary of Public Land proclaimed Toowoomba and the surrounding areas as a township and in 1904 Toowoomba was declared a city.

Geography

Toowoomba is situated at a latitude and longitude of coord|27|33|S|151|57|E.

The city sits on the crest of the Great Dividing Range, around convert|700|m|ft|-2 above sea level. A few streets are on the eastern side of the edge of the range, but most of the city is west of the divide.

The City occupies the edge of the range and the low ridges behind it. Two valleys run north from the southern boundary, each arising from springs either side of Middle Ridge near Spring Street at an altitude of around 680 m. These waterways, East Creek and West Creek flow together just north of the CBD to form Gowrie Creek.

Gowrie Creek drains to the west across the Darling Downs and is a tributary of the Condamine River, part of the Murray-Darling Basin. The water flowing down Gowrie Creek makes its way some convert|3000|km|mi|-1|abbr=on to the mouth of the Murray River near Adelaide in South Australia. Rain which falls on the easternmost streets of Toowoomba flows east to Moreton Bay a distance of around convert|170|km|mi|-1|abbr=on.

Climate

Toowoomba enjoys four distinct seasons and the rich volcanic soil in the region helps maintain the 150 public parks that are scattered across the city. Jacaranda and Camphor laurel trees line many of the city streets. The city's reputation as 'The Garden City' is highlighted during the Australian Carnival of Flowers festival held in September each year. Deciduous trees from around the world line many of the parks, giving a display of autumn colour. This is particularly rare in Australia, as nearly the entire continent is forested with evergreens.

Daily maximum temperatures in Toowoomba average convert|27|C|F|0|lk=on in summer and convert|16|C|F|0| in winter. According to the Bureau of Meteorology, the highest temperature ever recorded in Toowoomba was convert|39.3|C|F|1|, while the lowest was convert|-4.4|C|F|0|. Winter temperatures seldom go below freezing; however (in a situation unique among Queensland cities), snow has been reported on the higher parts of the city on rare occasions. Light frost will be experienced several nights each winter in the city centre; more often in the western suburbs.

Average annual rainfall, according to the Bureau of Meteorology, is convert|928|mm|in|0| per year in Toowoomba City. Rainfall in the eastern suburbs along the Great Diving Range nudges convert|1000|mm|in|0|abbr=on per year.

Currently, a combination of below average rainfall and significant population growth has seen temporary water restrictions imposed, including a complete ban on watering gardens. The city is under level 5 water restrictions as of September 26, 2006. This prohibits residents from watering their lawns, gardens or cars, and residents are strongly urged to cut down on water consumption. Despite dams reaching critical levels, the city rejected the use of recycled water in a plebiscite on July 29, 2006.

Governance

Toowoomba is located in and is the seat of the Toowoomba Regional Council headed by the Mayor. The city is represented in the Parliament of Queensland by three seats: Toowoomba North, Toowoomba South and Cunningham. Toowoomba North is the only Labor held seat in Toowoomba. In the Commonwealth Parliament, Toowoomba forms part of the Division of Groom, which is held by Ian MacFarlane for the Liberal Party of Australia.

*List of Mayors of Toowoomba

Economy

The largest industry employers in Toowoomba (2004) are retail trade (17.8%); health and community services (13.3%); manufacturing (12.2%); and education (11.1%). Professional employment was the most prominent occupation (18.2%) followed by clerical, sales and service workers (17.7%) and tradespersons and related workers (13.3%). Fact|date=September 2008 The Australian Defence Force is also present in the local community, with the city providing housing and amenities for many of the personnel based at the Oakey Army Aviation Centre (in Oakey, convert|29|km|mi|0|abbr=on NW of Toowoomba) and Borneo Barracks at Cabarlah to the city's North.

The city also has many large shopping centres.

Education

Toowoomba is a major education centre.

Primary

There are numerous primary schools in Toowoomba. Among these are:

State
* Darling Heights State School
* Drayton State School is the oldest school in Toowoomba.
* Toowoomba South State School is the oldest school in Toowoomba proper.

Private/Religious
* Toowoomba Preparatory School
* Christian Outreach College

econdary

State High
* Centenary Heights High School Principal Maryanne Walsh (since 2003)
* Harristown State High School
* Toowoomba State High School (2 campuses)

Private/Religious
* [http://coct.qld.edu.au/ Christian Outreach College] Christian co-educational school with more than 700 students from Kindergarten to Year Twelve.
*Concordia College
* [http://www.ddcs.qld.edu.au/ Darling Downs Christian School]
*Downlands College independent Catholic Co-educational Day and Boarding school
*Fairholme College a Presbyterian Church of Queensland school.
* [http://www.glennie.qld.edu.au/ The Glennie School] Anglican day and boarding school for girls
*St Joseph's College
*St Mary's College
*St Saviour's, Toowoomba Toowoomba's oldest Catholic school
*St Ursula's College Independent Catholic day and boarding school for girls
*Toowoomba Christian College
*Toowoomba Grammar School, independent grammar school (est.1875).

Tertiary

* University of Southern Queensland
* Southern Institute of TAFE (SQIT) has extensive campuses to the east of the CBD.
* University of Queensland has a small centre in Toowoomba.
* There are several private post-secondary colleges and training providers in Toowoomba.

Culture

Festivals

Toowoomba is nationally and internationally renowned Fact|date=October 2008 for its annual Flower Festival, held each year in September. Many of the city's major parks and gardens are especially prepared for the Festival, which also includes a prominent Home Garden Competition, with persons able to visit participating homes and gardens for inspection, and a Parade with flower-themed floats. A popular way to arrive at the Festival from Brisbane is on specially chartered steam train, which captures the yesteryear aspect of travel to Toowoomba in 19th century wooden carriages.

Food

Toowoomba is well served by the famous restaurant Weis, in one of the City's oldest heritage buildings dating from the 1920s [http://www.weis-restaurant.com.au/] .

Architecture

Toowoomba's history has been preserved in its buildings. Examples of architecture drawing from the city's wealthy beginnings include Toowoomba City Hall, the National Trust Royal Bull's Head Inn and many examples in the heritage-listed Russell Street. Immediately to the east of the CBD is the Caledonian Estate, an area of turn of the 20th century housing, ranging from humble workers cottages to large stately homes, in the classic wooden Queenslander style.

Toowoomba is also home to The Empire Theatre, which was originally opened in June 1911, as a silent movie house. In February 1933, fire broke out, almost completely destroying the building. However, the Empire was rebuilt and reopened in November 1933. The architectural styling of the new Empire Theatre was art deco, in keeping with the trend of the 1930s.

After years of neglect, the Empire Theatre was extensively renovated in the late 1990s, but retains much of its Art Deco architecture and decorations, especially the proscenium arch. Able to seat 2,400 people, the Empire Theatre is now the largest regional theatre in Australia.

The City also is home to the Cobb & Co Museum, hailing to the famous mail company's beginnings as a small mail run in the 1800s to transport mail and passengers to Brisbane and beyond. It also houses Australia's largest collection of horse-drawn vehicles.

Sport

A rugby league team representing Toowoomba used to compete in the Bulimba Cup tournament.

Toowoomba currently does not host a team in any of the major national competitions but was home to the Toowoomba Clydesdales in the Queensland Cup state league. The Clydesdales were the feeder team for Brisbane Broncos in the National Rugby League (NRL) from 1999 to 2006. [ [http://www.thechronicle.com.au/localsport/storydisplay.cfm?storyid=3712929&thesection=localsport&thesubsection=&thesecondsubsection Clydesdales gone forever: Martin - Toowoomba Chronicle - 2006-12-07 08:00:00.0 - localsport ] ] The Clysedales dropped out of the Queensland Cup after the 2006 season due to financial difficulties and are no longer a feeder club for the Brisbane Broncos. [ [http://www.sportsnews.com.au/news.php?item.11599 SportsNews.com.au: Aspley new Brisbane Broncos feeder club ] ]

Notable current and former residents of Toowoomba

* Geoffrey Rush (Academy Award-winning actor)
* Michael Brennan (hockey player)
* Ross Case (former tennis player)
* Henry George Chauvel (first Australian soldier to attain the rank of Lieutenant General, Australian Imperial Force)
* Tim Cuddihy (Olympic archer)
* Natalie Grinham and Rachel Grinham (top women's world squash ranking)
* Tim Horan (Rugby Union player)
* Nikki Hudson (hockey player)
* Gina Jeffreys (country singer)
* Geraint Jones (English cricketer)
* Michael Katsidis (World Boxing Organization lightweight interim champion)
* Darren Lange (freestyle swimmer)
* Meshel Laurie (TV personality)
* Jason Little (Rugby Union player)
* Fabian "Fabe" McCarthy (Rugby Union player)
* Glynis Nunn (heptathlete)
* Will Power (motor racing driver)
* Cheryl Praeger (mathematician)
* Steve Price (Rugby League player)
* Greg Ritchie (former Queensland and Australian cricketer)
* Steele Rudd (Arthur Hoey Davis) (author best known for "On Our Selection")
* Chloe Sims (Gymnast)
* Karen Smith (Hockey player)
* Peter Sterling (Rugby League player)
* Johnathan Thurston (Rugby League player)
* Nathan Friend (Rugby League Player)
* Penelope Wensley (diplomat and Governor of Queensland)
* Michael Witt (Rugby League player)
* Shane Withington (actor)
* Don Syme (Creater of C# generics and F#)

Media

Print

* "The Toowoomba Chronicle"
* "Toowoomba Mail"

Radio

* 4QS 747 (ABC Local Radio)
* 4GR 864 (commercial)
* 4WK 1359 (commercial)- Relay of 4WK Warwick.
* 4AK 1242 (commercial)- Based in Oakey, located convert|20|km|mi|0|abbr=on west of Toowoomba CBD.
* Radio 2 1620 (commercial)- Relay of Radio 2 network Sydney.

* C FM 100.7 (commercial) - Named "C" fm rather than SEA due to Toowoomba's inland location
* Double 8FM (narrowcast) 88.0 - Non-community FM station featuring tourist information and the best 60s and 70s music, established in 1996. 88FM Toowoomba & 87.6FM Pittsworth
* Triple J 104.1 - Also available 103.3 from Warwick and 107.7 from Brisbane
* ABC Radio National 105.7
* ABC Classic FM 107.3
* Country FM 91.5 (narrowcast)
* 4GOD 92.9 The Light (Christian community)
* 93.7 (narrowcast - racing)
* 99.1 (narrowcast) Kids FM - exclusively kids music and stories
* 4DDB 102.7 (community)

Note: Owners of CFM 100.7 and 4GR (Gold Radio Pty. Ltd) also own all 3 narrowcast stations in Toowoomba (91.5, 93.7 & 99.1 FM).

Television

Toowoomba is serviced by four commercial stations and one non-commercial station.
* Seven Queensland
* Southern Cross Ten
* WIN Television
* ABC TV
* SBS TV

News for Toowoomba is screened every weeknight at 6:00pm on WIN Television, broadcast live from the WIN studios in the Toowoomba suburb of Mt Lofty. On weekends, news is relayed from Channel 9, Brisbane.

Seven Queensland and Southern Cross Ten have a physical presence in Toowoomba, but local news programs do not exist on these channels. Instead, they carry news bulletins from Brisbane stations Channel 7 and Channel 10.

In addition to the local television stations, most Toowoomba households can receive Brisbane's three commercial TV stations, bringing the total number of free-to-air stations available in Toowoomba to eight.

Infrastructure

Transport

There are extensive suburban bus services operated by Garden City Sunbus throughout the city from around 9:00 am to around 5:30 pm Monday to Friday. A limited service runs Saturday. There are no Sunday services.

There are frequent inter-city bus services between Toowoomba and Brisbane, and other centres.

Toowoomba is not included in TransLink, the Southeast Queensland integrated public transport system—a matter of some local contention.

Toowoomba has a twice weekly rail service from Brisbane to Charleville, Queensland and return on QR's Westlander.

There are no local rail or tram services, however the development of a suburban railway system has been flagged. Toowoomba is criss-crossed by several railway lines which are largely unused, or used for freight, and idle railway stations can be found in the suburbs (including Ballard, Drayton, Harlaxton and Harristown) dating to when these localities were separate centres.

Toowoomba is serviced by Toowoomba Airport, which is used by the Royal Flying Doctor Service and the Darling Downs Aeroclub.

Health

Toowoomba is serviced by one public hospital, [http://www.health.qld.gov.au/wwwprofiles/twmba_twmba_hosp.asp Toowoomba Base Hospital] , and two private hospitals - [http://www.sath.org.au St. Andrew's Toowoomba Hospital] and [http://www.stvincents.org.au St. Vincents Hospital] . Toowoomba also has the highest suicide rate in Australia.

Water

Toowoomba's third water storage Cressbrook Dam was completed in 1983 and supplied water to Toowoomba in 1988. It has a full capacity of about 80,000 megalitres bringing total capacity of the three dams, Cooby, Perseverance, and Cressbrook, to 126,000 megalitres.

The city also has underground supplies in fractured basalt, it sits above the eastern edge of the Great Artesian Basin (GAB) and to the west underground water is available beneath agricultural alluvium.

The average rainfall in the period 1998 to 2005 has been 30% below the long term average consistent with a prolonged drought and this trend continued through to spring of 2007. During March 2006 the surface water storage in the dams fell below 25% of full capacity, falling even more to 12.8% as of 10 March 2008 and Toowoomba has level 5 water restrictions while supplies are at such a low level. Groundwater has become a significant contributor to the city's water supply needs and now constitutes one third of the total volume of water treated for reticulated supply (160ML per week) [cite web | title = Weekly Water Consumption Figures | date = March 10 2008 | url = http://www.toowoomba.qld.gov.au/index.php?option=com_docman&task=doc_details&gid=1128&Itemid=107 | publisher = Toowoomba City Council
accessdate = March 12 | accessyear = 2008] .

Toowoomba City Council's Mayor Dianne Thorley has proposed a controversial potable reuse project under the Toowoomba Water Futures plan which will result in water reclaimed from the Wetalla Sewage Treatment Plant being returned to Cooby Dam to provide 25% of the potable water supply for Toowoomba. Other water supply options include importing water from Oakey Creek Groundwater Management Area (average TDS = 1660 mg/L), importing water from Condamine Groundwater Management Area (Average TDS = 740 mg/L), and water from coal steam gas production (TDS = 1200-4300 mg/L).

One of the difficulties with the Water Futures proposal was that it relied on Acland Coal, a subsidiary of New Hope Corporation, taking the reverse osmosis waste stream. However, they had never agreed to this. Without their involvement, convert|6|km2|sqmi|0 of evaporation ponds, costing at least an additional $70 million, would have been required. This amount was not included in Council's budget for the Water Futures project. Jondaryan Shire Council is now negotiating with New Hope Corporation to provide water from the Oakey bore fields to Acland Coal.

On 29 July 2006 Toowoomba City Council conducted a poll of Toowoomba residents on the proposal to use this multi-barrier filtration system for filtering sewage for drinking purposes. The poll question was: "Do you support the addition of purified recycled water to Toowoomba’s water supply via Cooby Dam as proposed by Water Futures – Toowoomba?” 38% of voters supported the proposal and 62% opposed.

In 2007, the Toowoomba City Council commenced a bore drilling program to augment the dwindling dam supplies and constructed several subartesian bores across the city and one artesian bore at Wetalla in the city's north. Many of the subartesian bores provided potable water with a reliable yield and have been developed into production however the artesian bore's water quality was very poor, prohibiting development as a potable source. This was an expensive setback for the city as the cost was over A$2 million for drilling to over 700 metres. Drilling of another artesian bore has commenced and in January 2008, yield testing had been stalled due to the unavailability of appropriate pumping equipment.

Also in 2007, the Queensland Department of Natural Resources and Water initiated a subartesian drilling program centred on Toowoomba to expand its network of groundwater monitoring stations in the Main Range Volcanics. With the increased demand for groundwater in the area from council, commercial and urban users, more information was required to effectively manage the resource whereas previously the location and density of monitoring stations would not provide enough data.

ister cities

*Wanganui, New Zealand
*Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan - Sister city agreement concluded in 1991
*Paju, Republic of Korea
*Bauan, Philippines

References

External links

* [http://www.toowoomba.org/ Toowoomba.org - Everything Toowoomba]
* [http://www.toowoombarc.qld.gov.au Toowoomba Regional Council]
* [http://www.toowoombanow.com.au ToowoombaNow: Everything you need to know about Toowoomba]
* [http://www.thechronicle.com.au/ The Chronicle - Daily newspaper for Toowoomba and surrounding regions]
* [http://ourtoowoomba.com ourToowoomba.com - Local information, events, photos and forum.]

Further reading

"Toowoomba as a Railway Centre", Knowles, J Australian Railway Historical Society Bulletin, January, 1959 pp10-16