Widom scaling

Widom scaling is a hypothesis in Statistical mechanics regarding the free energy of a magnetic system near its critical point which leads to the critical exponents becoming no longer independent so that they can be parameterized in terms of two values.

Widom scaling is an example of universality.

Definitions

The critical exponents $$alpha, alpha', eta, gamma, gamma' and $$delta are defined in terms of the behaviour of the order parameters and response functions near the critical point as follows

:$$M(t,0) simeq (-t)^{eta}, for $$t uparrow 0 :$$M(0,H) simeq |H|^{1/ delta} mathrm{sign}(H), for $$H ightarrow 0 :$$chi_T(t,0) simeq egin{cases} (t)^{-gamma}, & extrm{for} t downarrow 0 \ (-t)^{-gamma'}, & extrm{for} t uparrow 0 end{cases}

:$$c_H(t,0) simeq egin{cases} (t)^{-alpha} & extrm{for} t downarrow 0 \ (-t)^{-alpha'} & extrm{for} t uparrow 0 end{cases}

where

:$$t equiv frac{T-T_c}{T_c} measures the temperature relative to the critical point.

Derivation

The scaling hypothesis is that near the critical point, the free energy $$f(t,H) can be written as the sum of a slowly varying regular part $$f_r and a singular part $$f_s, with the singular part being a scaling function, ie, a homogeneous function, so that

:$$f_s(lambda^p t, lambda^q H) = lambda f_s(t, H)

Then taking the partial derivative with respect to "H" and the form of "M(t,H)" gives

:$$lambda^q M(lambda^p t, lambda^q H) = lambda M(t, H)

Setting $$H=0 and $$lambda = (-t)^{-1/p} in the preceding equation yields

:$$M(t,0) = (-t)^{frac{1-q}{p M(-1,0), for $$t uparrow 0

Comparing this with the definition of $$eta yields its value,

:$$eta = frac{1-q}{p}

Similarly, putting $$t=0 and $$lambda = H^{-1/q} into the scaling relation for "M" yields

:$$delta = frac{q}{1-q}

Applying the expression for the isothermal susceptibility $$chi_T in terms of "M" to the scaling relation yields

:$$lambda^{2q} chi_T (lambda^p t, lambda^q H) = lambda chi_T (t, H)

Setting "H=0" and $$lambda = (t)^{-1/p} for $$t downarrow 0 (resp. $$lambda = (-t)^{-1/p} for $$t uparrow 0 ) yields

:$$gamma = gamma' = frac{2q -1}{p}

Similarly for the expression for specific heat $$c_H in terms of "M" to the scaling relation yields

:$$lambda^{2p} c_H ( lambda^p t, lambda^q H) = lambda c_H(t, H)

Taking "H=0" and $$lambda = (t)^{-1/p} for $$t downarrow 0 (or $$lambda = (-t)^{-1/p} for $$t uparrow 0) yields

:$$alpha = alpha' = 2 -frac{1}{p}

As a consequence of Widom scaling, not all critical exponents are independent but they can be parameterized by two numbers $$p, q in mathbb{R} with the relations expressed as

:$$alpha = alpha' = 2 - eta(delta +1) = 2 - frac{1}{p} :$$gamma = gamma' = eta(delta -1)

The relations are experimentally well verified for magnetic systems and fluids.

References

H.E. Stanley, "Introduction to Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena"