Takuji Yamashita

Takuji Yamashita (1874–1959), born in Yawatahama on Ehime, Shikoku, Japan, is considered as an early 20th century civil rights pioneer. In spite of imposing social and legal barriers, he directly challenged three of America's major barriers against Asians: citizenship, joining a profession, and owning land.

Yamashita emigrated to the United States in the 1890's and, aided by a photographic memory, graduated from Tacoma High School in two years before entering University of Washington law school's second graduating class. Yamashita graduated with a law degree from the University of Washington in 1902 and passed the state bar exam with distinction.citation | last = Foster | first = Heath | title = Victim of Racism Will Gain Posthumous Bar Membership | newspaper=The Seattle Post-Intelligencer | year=2006 |date = February 5, 2001 | url=http://modelminority.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=71]

The Washington State Supreme Court, in processing his bar application, issued an order expressing "doubt whether a native of Japan is entitled under naturalization laws to admission to citizenship." Yamashita appealed the order, representing himself before the Washington Supreme Court. Despite Yamashita's 28-page brief having been described as being of "solid professional quality" and containing legal strategies that are "quite original,"the Supreme Court's unanimous decision was that he was not eligible to be an American, and therefore could not practice law. This decision was overturned, posthumously, nearly 100 years later on March 1, 2001.cite web | last = Goldsmith | first = Steven | title=Takuji Yamashita|url=http://www.wsba.org/media/publications/barnews/archives/2001/mar-01-takuji.htm| date=March, 2001] cite web | last = Goldsmith | first = Steven | title=Takuji Yamashita: State's leaders honor a man once rejected because of his race |url=http://uwnews.washington.edu/ni/article.asp?articleID=2236| date=February 12, 2001]

In 1922, Yamashita again entered legal waters when he appealed the Alien Land Law prohibiting Asians from owning property.cite web | last = Wilma | first = David | title=State Supreme Court denies citizenship for UW School of Law grad Takuji Yamashita on October 22, 1902.|url=http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2870| date=December 7, 2000] Washington's attorney general maintained that in order for Japanese people to fit in, their "marked physical characteristics" would have to be destroyed, that "the Negro, the Indian and the Chinaman" had already demonstrated assimilation was not possible for them. The U.S. Supreme Court heard the case, but Yamashita's case was denied. The Washington's Alien Land Law would not be repealed until 1966.

Afterwards, Yamashita managed restaurants and hotels in Seattle and Bremerton and an oyster business in Silverdale. During World War II, Yamashita and his wife were interned, losing virtually everything they owned. With his family, he was incarcerated at Tule Lake, Manzanar, and Minidoka before returning to Seattle.cite web | title=Preliminary Guide to the Takuji Yamashita Photograph Collection circa 1880-1957|url=http://www.lib.washington.edu/speciaLcoll/findaids/docs/papersrecords/YamashitaTakuji5151.xml| accessdate=2008-07-08] In 1957, Yamashita returned to Japan where he died less than two years later.

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