Action of August 1702

Infobox Military Conflict
conflict=Action of August 1702
partof=War of the Spanish Succession


caption=The injured Benbow continues to order the attack
date=19–25 August 1702 O.S.
place=off Santa Marta
result=Tactically indecisive
Strategic French victory
combatant1=flagicon|England Kingdom of England
combatant2=flagicon|France|royal Kingdom of France
commander1=John Benbow
commander2=Jean du Casse
strength1=Seven ships of the line
strength2=Four ships of the line
One frigate
Four sloops
One transport
casualties1=One ship damaged
casualties2=One ship captured

The Action of August 1702 took place from 19–25 August 1702 O.S. between an English squadron under Vice-Admiral John Benbow and a French under Admiral Jean du Casse, during the War of the Spanish Succession. Benbow vigorously attacked the French squadron, but the refusal of most of his captains to support the action allowed du Casse to escape. Benbow lost a leg during the engagement and died of illness about two months later. Two of the captains were convicted of cowardice and shot.

Benbow's resolution to pursue the French, in what proved to be his last fight, proved irresistible to the public imagination. The events of the fight inspired a number of ballads, usually entitled "Admiral Benbow" or "Brave Benbow", which were still favourites among British sailors more than a century later. [cite web | url=http://bravebenbow.tripod.com/id15.html | title=Admiral Benbow Art | accessdate=2006-12-02]

Prelude

Upon the outbreak of the War of the Spanish Succession, Benbow was sent to the West Indies with a small squadron, with the intention of keeping the Spanish possessions there out of the hands of the French. Du Casse was dispatched to Cartagena with a squadron to compel its allegiance to Philip V. Benbow set out to intercept them.cite book | first=William Henry Giles Kingston | title=How Britannia Came to Rule the Waves | chapter=Chapter 12: Queen Anne | url=http://www.athelstane.co.uk/kingston/rulewave/rulewave.htm | chapterurl=http://www.athelstane.co.uk/kingston/rulewave/rwave12.htm | accessdate=2006-12-02]

Course of battle

On 19 August 1702, Benbow's squadron encountered the French along the coast of Colombia, off Santa Marta, a little to the east of the mouth of the Rio Magdalena. He ordered his squadron to engage, but "Defiance" and "Windsor" being astern and showing no great haste, they had to be ordered to make more sail. Benbow intended to wait for "Defiance" to come up; but "Falmouth" opened the engagement by attacking the frigate, and "Windsor" a ship abreast of her, at four o'clock. "Breda" joined in, but "Defiance" and "Windsor" broke off after a few broadsides and left the "Breda" under fire from the French, the battle continuing until nightfall.cite web | url=http://www.ageofnelson.org/MichaelPhillips/info.php?ref=5114 | title=Information on Breda (70) (1692) | accessdate=2006-11-02] "Breda" and "Ruby" pursued the French all night, while the rest of the squadron straggled.cite web | url=http://www.ageofnelson.org/MichaelPhillips/info.php?ref=5414 | title=Information on Greenwich (54) (1666) | accessdate=2006-11-02]

Pursuit continued through the 20th, with the "Breda" and "Ruby" firing chase-guns as they could. Engaging again on the morning of the 21st, "Ruby" was badly damaged; "Defiance" and "Windsor" refused action, though abreast of the last French ship. The "Greenwich" had now fallen five leagues astern. On the 22nd, "Breda" captured the galley "Anne", originally an English ship captured by the French, and the damaged "Ruby" was ordered to return to Port Royal.

During the night of the 24th, Benbow engaged one of the enemy ships alone and had his right leg wrecked by a chain shot, returning to the quarter-deck as soon as it could be dressed. Flag-Captain Fogg ordered the other captains of the squadron to keep the line of battle; in response, Captain Kirkby of "Defiance" came aboard and told Benbow, "You had better desist, the French are very strong." Finding the other captains largely of the same opinion, Benbow broke off and returned to Jamaica.

Aftermath

Benbow received a letter from du Casse after the engagement:

Sir,
I had little hopes on Monday last but to have supped in your cabin: but it pleased God to order it otherwise. I am thankful for it. As for those cowardly captains who deserted you, hang them up, for by God they deserve it.
Yours,
Du Casse

Such was indeed his course: Benbow held courts-martial upon his captains upon their return. Captains Kirkby and Wade were found guilty of cowardice and sentenced to be shot; Wade was said to have been drunk throughout the engagement. Captain Constable was cleared of the charge of cowardice, but was convicted on other charges and cashiered. Captain Hudson died before he could be tried. Captains Fogg and Vincent were charged with having signed a paper with the other captains of the squadron, stating they would not fight, but they represented this as a device to keep Captain Kirkby from deserting; Benbow testifying in their favour, they were merely suspended.

Benbow's leg was amputated; but a fever developed, doubtless abetted by the low conduct of his captains, and he died on 4 November 1702. Kirkby, Wade, and Constable were sent to Plymouth aboard HMS "Bristol", where their sentences were confirmed by the Lord High Admiral. Kirkby and Wade were shot aboard "Bristol" on 16 April 1703. Fogg and Vincent were permitted to return to the service.

Order of battle

Benbow's squadron

Benbow's squadron consisted of seven ships: [cite web | url=http://web.archive.org/web/20070513154033/http://www.cronab.demon.co.uk/fleets1.htm | title=Royal Navy Fleets 1702–1718 (Archive) | accessdate=2006-12-01]
* "Breda", 70, Captain Christopher Fogg (flagship)
* "Defiance", 64, Captain Richard Kirkby
* "Greenwich", 54, Captain Cooper Wade
* "Ruby", 48, Captain George Walton
* "Pendennis", 48, Captain Thomas Hudson
* "Windsor", 48, Captain John Constable
* "Falmouth", 48, Captain Samuel Vincent

Du Casse's squadron

* "Le Heureux", 68, flag of DuCasse, with Captain Bennet
* "L'Agreable", 50, Captain De Roussy
* "Le Phenix", 60, Captain De Poudens
* "L'Apollon", 50, Captain De Demuin
* "Le Prince de Frise", 30 (frigate), Lieut. de St Andre
* One transport
* Four sloops

References