2nd Division (New Zealand)

2nd Division (New Zealand)
Active	1939–1945
Country	New Zealand
Allegiance	New Zealand
Branch	New Zealand Military Forces
Type	Infantry
Size	Division
Part of	British Eighth Army
Garrison/HQ	Maadi Camp, Egypt (1940–c.1943)
Engagements	Battle of El Alamein, Italy 1943–45
Disbanded	c.1945
Commanders
Notable commanders	Bernard Freyberg Howard Kippenberger (temporary) Stephen Weir (temporary)

The 2nd New Zealand Division was a formation of the New Zealand Military Forces (New Zealand's army) during World War II. It was commanded for most of its existence by Lieutenant-General Sir Bernard Freyberg, and fought in Greece, Crete, the Western Desert and Italy. In the Western Desert Campaign, the division played a prominent role in the defeat of German and Italian forces in the Second Battle of El Alamein and Eighth Army's advance to Tunisia. In late 1943 the division was moved to Italy, taking part in Eighth Army's campaign on Italy's Adriatic coast which ground to a halt at the end of the year. In early 1944 the division formed the nucleus of the New Zealand Corps, fighting two battles attempting unsuccessfully to penetrate the Gustav Line at Monte Cassino. The division saw further action on the Gothic Line in Italy in 1944 and took part in the Allied 1945 Spring offensive which led to the surrender of German forces in Italy in May. After returning to New Zealand, reorganised elements of the division formed part of the occupational forces in Japan from 1945.

Outbreak of war

At the outbreak of war in 1939 it was decided that New Zealand should provide an Expeditionary Force of one division, under then Major-General Bernard Freyberg. This force became known as 2nd New Zealand Expeditionary Force and the division, initially, as the New Zealand Division. The first echelon of 2NZEF Headquarters and a Brigade Group landed in Egypt in February 1940. The second echelon, also a Brigade Group, was diverted to Britain on Italy's entry into the war and did not reach Egypt until March 1941. The third echelon arrived in Egypt in September 1940 and concentration of the division was completed just before it was deployed to northern Greece in March 1941.

The division remained as part of the British Eighth Army to the end of World War II in 1945 during which it fought in the Battle of Greece (March–April 1941), the Battle of Crete (May 1941), Operation Crusader (November–December 1941), Minqar Qaim (June 1942), Battle of El Alamein (July–November 1942), Libya and Tunisia (December 1942–May 1943), the Sangro (October–December 1943), Battle of Monte Cassino (February–March 1944), Central Italy (May–December 1944), and the Adriatic Coast (April–May 1945). ^[1]

Defence of Greece

In April 1941, the Division was deployed to Greece, to assist British and Australian forces in defending the country from the invading Germans. (The Second Echelon of the 2 NZEF had been diverted to the UK between June 1940 and January 1941, and had had an anti-invasion role with VII Corps.) The New Zealanders were combined with Australian and British forces as 'W' Force under Sir Henry Maitland Wilson.^[2] The immediate operational commander was Australian Lieutenant-General Thomas Blamey with his I Australian Corps headquarters, which was briefly renamed Anzac Corps. The Germans soon joined what became the Battle of Greece, overwhelming the British and Commonwealth forces and forcing them to retreat to Crete and Egypt by 6 April. The last New Zealand troops had evacuated Greece by 25 April 1941, having sustained losses of 291 men killed, 387 seriously wounded, and 1,826 men captured in this campaign.

Battle of Crete

Since most New Zealand 2nd Division troops had evacuated to Crete from Greece, they were very much involved in the defence of Crete against further German attacks. Freyberg was judged to have performed extremely well during the evacuation of Greece, and he was given command of all Allied forces for the defence of the island. Consequently, the New Zealand Division temporarily lost him as its commander. However, the attempt to defend Crete was as doomed as that to defend Greece had been.

German paratroopers landed in May 1941, and gradually gained the upper hand over the Allied forces in the battle for the island. Greece and Crete saw heavy casualties suffered by the New Zealanders. By the end of the month, however, German soldiers had once again overwhelmed British and Commonwealth forces, and it was decided to evacuate the Division from the island, again without its heavy weapons. This evacuation was to Egypt, with the forces landing in Alexandria in June. The unit's ability to help itself to enemy—and Allied—heavy weapons and transport led to it being nicknamed "Freyberg's Forty Thousand Thieves". In the Battle for Crete, 671 New Zealanders were killed, 967 wounded and 2,180 captured. During the battle Charles Upham was awarded the first of his two Victoria Crosses.^[3]

North Africa

Operation Crusader

Following the disasters in Europe, the division was then integrated into the regular order of battle of the Eighth Army. It fought in many of the critical battles in the North African Campaign over the next year and a half. On 18 November 1941, the New Zealand 2nd Division took part in Operation Crusader. New Zealand troops crossed the Libyan frontier into Cyrenaica. Operation Crusader was an overall success for the British, and New Zealand troops withdrew to Syria to recover. The Operation Crusader campaign was the most costly the New Zealand 2nd Division fought in the Second World War, with 879 men killed, and 1,700 wounded.

El Alamein

The Division was originally known as the 'New Zealand Division'; it only became known as 2nd New Zealand Division from June 1942, following the adoption of the 'Cascade' deception scheme and the 'formation' of Maadi Camp, the division's base area in Egypt, as "6th NZ Division".

The division played a prominent role in both Battles of El Alamein. During the First Battle of El Alamein, in July 1942, the division put in a night attack against the Afrika Korps. As no armoured support was available to the Division after their night attack against the Germans at Ruweisat Ridge, 4th New Zealand Brigade was shattered, with the loss of around 3,000 men, during the fighting that resulted when German Panzers counter-attacked the New Zealand infantry the following morning. It was for his actions in this battle that Charles Upham was awarded the Bar to his VC, becoming only the third man to be awarded the VC twice, and the first soldier in a combatant role.^{[4][nb 1]} Also at Ruweisat, Sergeant Keith Elliott of 22nd Battalion was awarded the VC for continuing to lead his company, despite wounds, in assaults which led to the destruction of five machine guns plus an anti-tank gun and the capture of 130 prisoners.^[6]

During the Second Battle of El Alamein, the division broke through the German positions and got behind Rommel's flank. During the night of 1–2 November 1942 the 9th Armoured Brigade was to have advanced in support of an attack by the Division. However, the Armoured Brigade was stopped in the minefield lanes by the 15th Panzer and 90th Light and the following morning, the armour continued to be attacked, suffering heavy losses.^[7] However the 9th Armoured Brigade's sacrifice had made the follow-up successes possible.

Tunisia

Following the victory at Alamein Eighth Army advanced west through Libya to El Agheila. For much of this time Montgomery was obliged to maintain a relatively small forward force because of the difficulties of caused by a very extended supply line and the New Zealand division was therefore held in reserve at Bardia.^[8] At the Battle of El Agheila the New Zealand Ddivision was brought forward with supporting tanks to conduct an outflanking movement while two divisions made a frontal attack.^[9] The battle started on the night of 11 December, looking to preserve his forces, Rommel commenced a withdrawal to Beurat on the 12th.

The division then formed the left flank of the advancing Eighth Army and on 16 December had an opportunity to trap the retreating Axis forces. However, the division's troops were strung out and without anti-tank guns. 15th Panzer Division was therefore able to punch through and secure the line of retreat.^[10]

A further unsuccessful attempt to get to the rear of the withdrawing Axis forces took place at Nofila^[11] The division then remained in reserve in the Nofilia area until early January when it was ordered forward to take part in the final push through Beurat and advance the remaining 200 miles (320 km) to Tripoli. The operation began on 15 January^[12] and by 21 January Tripoli was less than 50 miles (80 km) ahead.^[13] However, skilful delaying tactics allowed the Axis forces to withdraw in good order and when leading elements of Eighth Army entered Tunis in the early morning of 23 January its defenders had left.^[14]

Eighth Army arrived the Mareth defensive line on the border with Tunisia shortly after the fall of Tunis. After an unsuccessful attempt to break through the Axis defenses at Mareth, the New Zealand division was reinforced to form a New Zealand Corps to execute a left hook around the main Axis defenses through the Tebaga Gap. The attack was launched on 21 March and the entrance to the gap had been secured after four days fighting but no break through made. Further reinforcements from X Corps were sent to the Tebaga Gap and overall control of the operation transferred to X Corps commander Brian Horrocks. Operation 'Supercharge II' was launched on 26 March and by 28 March the main Axis forces on the Mareth Line had been forced to withdraw by the flanking threat from the advancing 1st Armoured and New Zealand Divisions.

At the end of Supercharge II the New Zealand Corps was broken up and its elements allocated between X and XXX Corps. On 30 March, Montgomery sent the following message to Freyberg:

My very best congratulations to NZ Corps and 10 Corps on splendid results achieved by the left hook. These results have led to the complete disintegration of the enemy resistance and the whole Mareth position. Give my congratulations to all your officers and men, and tell them how pleased I am with all they have done.^[15]

The division continued to fight with Eighth Army until Tunis fell to First Army on 7 May, prompting the surrender of the remaining Axis forces.

Italian Campaign

Following the Axis surrender in Tunisia the 2nd New Zealand division was withdrawn to refit and therefore took no part in the Allied Invasion of Sicily. The refit included the conversion of the 4th Infantry Brigade into an armoured formation. The division returned to battle in the Italian Campaign in late 1943, rejoining the Eighth Army. The division came into the front line in November and took part in the advance across the Sangro at the end of the month. During December the division was involved in very heavy fighting during the Moro River Campaign at Orsogna. By the end of the year the deteriorating winter weather made movement of even tracked vehicles impossible except on metaled roads and severely impeded vital close air support operations. This, together with the failure to capture Orsogna led the Allies to call off the Adriatic coast offensive until spring brought better conditions in the skies and under foot.

Monte Cassino

Main article: Battle of Monte Cassino

Meanwhile, to the west of the Eighth Army on the other side of the Apennine mountains, Italy's central mountain spine, the U.S. Fifth Army had also been fighting its way north. By the end of January 1944, the Fifth Army's attacks against the Cassino massif had ground to a halt and the "Battle for Rome" had stalled.^[16] Army Group commander General Harold Alexander and Fifth Army commander Lieutenant General Mark Clark looked around for solutions to penetrate the defences, as their careers and reputations were irrevocably linked with success on this front, particularly due to Churchill’s insistence at this time, that Italy was the key to the ultimate success in the war.^[17] As part of the solution, Alexander withdrew the 2nd New Zealand Division from the 8th Army line to establish a small Army Group Reserve with a view to reinforcing the Fifth Army front.^{[nb 2]} Alexander also withdrew the 4th Indian Infantry Division as well as the British 78th Infantry Division from Eighth Army to join this strategic reserve. This formation was initially known as "Spadger Force" to confuse German intelligence, with the commander, General Freyberg being known as "Spadger."^[19] The Corps later became known as the New Zealand Corps under command of the U.S. Fifth Army.^{[20] [nb 3]}

Second Battle for Cassino

On 8 February, Clarke conceded to Alexander that the US II Corps would not succeed with any further attacks and he "allowed" the British (and Dominions) to attempt to strike the final blow against the Axis line at Cassino.^[21] Alexander advised Freyberg to ready the NZ Corps to take over from the US II Corps, also advising him that enemy reinforcements had arrived and that even greater resistance could be expected.^[22]

Freyberg's plan initially included a wide flanking attack—differentiating it from the approach previously used by Keyes' II Corps. This flanking movement was eventually excluded from the final plan and Freyberg dictated that the attack be along the same unsuccessful lines as used by the Americans the month before.^{[23][nb 4]} Major-General Francis Tuker, commander of the 4th Indian Division voiced strong disapproval regarding the plan to Freyberg, his new Corps Commander—as his division was to lead the now, frontal assault. Tuker also expressed his concern over Freyberg's apparent obsession with reducing the monastery on Monte Cassino, arguing that (supported by General Juin) they were attempting to breach the strongest and most fortified point of the Gustav Line.^[25] As part of his plan, and encouraged by the complaints from Tucker, Freyberg insisted to Clark that the monastery should be flattened by bombing in the preparatory stage of the attack. Alexander, although expressing the opinion that it would be regrettable to destroy the Benedictine Order monastery built around AD 529—supported Freyberg's insistence that reducing the monastery be considered a military necessity.^[26]

The Allied planes dropped 442 tons of bombs on the Abbey and its immediate environs in two separate attacks on 15 February, one between 0930 and 1000 and the other between 1030 and 1330,^[27] but the infantry attack which was to commence directly after the second bombing mission was delayed due to differences regarding H-Hour between Freyberg and his 7th Brigade. Also, the division commanders were insisting that a preliminary high-point (Point 593) was to be captured first, as a prelude to the main attack.^[28]

The 4th Indian Division was to attack in an arc towards the south and south west, taking Point 593 and then moving south east, up the heights towards the Abbey. The Indian Division would only advance on the Abbey, once the NZ Division had attacked south and south east taking the town of Cassino.^[29] The main attack eventually commenced just after last light^[30] with the 28 (Maori) Battalion tasked to cross the Rapido River and to seize the station south of Cassino town, to establish a bridgehead for the corps armour to move into the town and to the foot of the Cassino massif—the attack starting at 2130. By dawn, German 10th Army artillery had stopped the 28th Battalion advance on the Rapido River bridgehead and the NZ Division were forced to use all their guns to fire smoke onto the bridge and railway station areas to mask the withdrawal of the 28th Battalion. The attack had failed, and so had the 4th Indian Division attack on Point 593.^[31]

The Third Battle

On the evening of 14 March, the battalions of the NZ Corps were alerted that Operation Bradman, the bombing of Cassino, was approved for the next day.^[32] In a third attempt to penetrate the Gustav Line, the Corps was again launched against Cassino town and the massif. By this time, the US VI Corps had landed at Anzio and were under severe pressure from German forces. This third assault on Cassion was intended to not only penetrate the Gustav Line, but to draw away forces to reduce the pressure on the Americans at Anzio.^[33]

The bombing started at 0800 and continued till 1200—dropping an equivalent of four tons per acre. By 1230, an 890 gun artillery bombardment started, which would continue for eight hours.^[34] The 6th NZ Brigade lead the attack, assaulting Cassino town, supported by the tanks of the 19th Armoured Regiment and at the same time, the Indian Division was to advance on Hangman’s Hill after which they were to assault the Monastery. The next morning, the 4th NZ Armoured Brigade was to take over from American tanks in the Liri Valley while the 7th Indian Brigade and small NZ tank groups were to advance up the Cavendish Road (built by Indian engineers) to clear any pockets of resistance on the Cassino slopes.^[35]

The advance into Cassino town by the 6th NZ Brigade went wrong from the start as the 19th Armoured tanks were unable to pass through the badly damaged roads, covered in rubble and bomb craters. The infantry, advancing without tanks came under severe fire from German paratroopers in the town, their fire further preventing armoured engineer bulldozers from clearing access routes for the tanks.^[36] Although the armour had been stopped, the NZ Infantry still held some parts of the town, including the strategic Castle Hill. Freyberg's orders had defined that the 4th Indian Division would only commence their advance on the Abbey, once Castle Hill had been secured, as they were to pass through the NZ lines on the hill as they progressed up the mountain. It took two hours to pass the message that the hill had been secured and as it was already dark, further delays were encountered by the Indian Division struggling to find Castle Hill. The Indian advance on Hangman’s Hill only commenced after midnight, further compounded by heavy rain.^[37]

The next morning, while concentrated German artillery fire and house to house fighting pinned the New Zealand Division in that portion of the town which they held, the Indian Division was making no progress up the mountain. The 20th Armoured Regiment which was to have supported them, considered the road too risky, as numerous hairpin bends had not been secured. German reinforcements continued to arrive, bolstering the defences in town, as well as on the Cassino massif.^[38] Attempts by the NZ Division to expand their perimeter in town continued on 16 March—the XIV Panzer Corps reported in this regard "…south of the town, the enemy [the NZ Division] fought our foremost posts to a standstill by weight of fire and then occupied the station after hand-to-hand fighting... [but] the centre of the town is still in our hands."^[39]

By the afternoon on 19 March, it was evident that no further progress would be made by the NZ Division in Cassino town—the German paratrooper line held firm, with machine gun, mortar and sniper fire and continued counter-attacks to reduce the NZ perimeter.^[40] By 20 March a company of Gurkhas overran Point 435 on Hangman’s Hill, 500 yards from the Abbey but were again driven back German fire from unassailable positions. The NZ Division re-occupied the railway station and the botanical gardens in the town and the process of attack and counter attack continued until 23 March when Alexander decided to call off the offensive. The Monte Cassino Abbey, although totally destroyed by now, remained firmly in German hands.^[41]

Advance to the Gothic Line

Following the two assaults at Monte Cassino, the New Zealand Division was withdrawn and when redeployed found itself in the high Apennine sector north east of Cassino under Eighth Army's X Corps. When in May 1944 the Allies launched their final and successful offensive on the Cassino front, X Corps was employed in a holding role making diversionary feints and anchoring the right flank of the Eighth Army attack.^[42] Some of the division's armoured elements were detached however and placed under command of British 4th Infantry Division^[43] and 8th Indian Infantry Division^[44] to take part in the XIII Corps attack in the centre of the front. When the New Zealand tanks returned from 8th Indian division in early June, Dudley Russell, the Indian division's commander wrote to Freyberg saying:

I wish you to know how glad I was to have your 18 NZ Armd Regt under my command. They fought well and nothing was too difficult for them to tackle. In fact they got across a large stretch of country which the going map said was impassable to tracks….^[45]

As the main attack advanced, X Corps with the New Zealand division moved forward to maintain protection of Eighth Army's right flank. After the fall of Rome in early June X Corps formed a pursuit force comprising 2nd New Zealand and 8th and 10th Indian Infantry Divisions. On 10 June elements of the division enetered Avezzano^[46] and the division passed into army reserve to spend a period of rest and training,^[47] In mid July the division joined XIII Corps at the Trasimene Line as reinforcements ahead of a set piece offensive planned to carry an advance to Arrezzo. The New Zealand division acted as guard to the right flank of the corps.^[48] Arezzo was captured on 16 July^[49] and the advance was continued towards the River Arno and Florence. The New Zealand Division's capture of the eastern crests of the Pian dei Cerri hills at the atrt of August was the turning point of the battle for Florence.^[50] Florence was declared an open city and Allied troops entered on 4 August. Oliver Leese, Eighth Army commander wrote:

At times the enemy fought almost fanatically. They had, apparently, been ordered to hold on south of Florence at all costs. Eventually, the general advance came to a halt about 5,000 yards south of Florence and the River Arno. Owing to the necessity to take over the French front, 13th Corps was very extended. It was doubtful whether we could break into the defences until we had brought up more reserves. However, determined attacks by the New Zealand Division against the Poggio al Pino and Poggiona high ground S.E. of Florence gained the day. The New Zealand Division fought magnificently over a period of four days. If it had not been for their effort it would have been necessary to check along the whole front until we could bring in fresh divisions.^[51]

Sidney Kirkman, the Corps commander also wrote:

Now that we have entered Florence, I should like to say how much 13 Corps owes to 2 NZ Division during its recent fighting. In the battles for Arezzo and Florence your troops as always fought magnificently, and gave us the extra punch that was necessary to eject the enemy from his chosen positions in the very difficult country south of the River Arno….^[52]

Gothic Line and the race to Trieste

In the autumn of 1944 the division fought as part of I Canadian Corps during Operation Olive, the offensive on the Gothic Line. In November 1944 was then transferred to British V Corps. With one armoured and two infantry brigades, the division was well organised for mobile warfare as experienced in North Africa. In the mountainous terrain and difficult conditions underfoot found in Italy, however, tank mobility was very restricted and the division always found itself short of infantry. During the winter of 1944-45 the Divisional Cavalry and 22nd (Motor) Battalion were converted to infantry giving each infantry brigade a fourth battalion. By the spring of 1945 the machine gun battalion had also been converted to infantry and the division's infantry reorganised into three brigades each with three battalions.^[53] Manpower shortages in the division were also eased when New Zealand 3rd Division, then fighting in the Pacific Ocean Areas against the Japanese, had been disbanded in October 1944 and 4,000 of its officers and men then transferred to the 2nd NZ Division.

In April 1945 the division moved to British XIII Corps to perform, alongside 8th Indian Division, assault crossings of first the river Senio and then the river Santerno marking the start of the Allied spring 1945 offensive in Italy (Operation 'Grapeshot'). The closing weeks of World War II saw the New Zealand Division race to Trieste in northern Italy to confront Josip Broz Tito’s partisans, and prevent that city’s forced absorption into greater Yugoslavia.

Aftermath

By the end of the war, the New Zealand Division had a reputation as a tough unit with good troops. This opinion was expressed by Rommel in his report to the OKH on 21 July 1942 (at the end of the Second Battle of El Alamein)^{[nb 5]} in which he described the New Zealand Division, along with the 9th Australian Division, as "formidable opponents."^[55] This view was repeated within the 5th Panzer Division intelligence reports. Rommel also paid tribute to the division in his memoirs:

This division, with which we had already become acquainted back in 1941-1942, was among the elite of the British Army and I should have been very much happier if it had been safely tucked away in our prison camps instead of still facing us.^[56]

General Bernard Montgomery, who commanded the Eighth Army and who would later command the land forces in the Normandy Invasion, was so impressed with the New Zealanders that he recommended that the division should be used in the invasion of Normandy,^{[citation needed]} but it was fighting in the Battle of Monte Cassino at the time.

Captain Charles Upham, VC and Bar, of the New Zealand 2nd Division, was the only person to be awarded the Victoria Cross twice during World War II. Other Victoria Crosses were awarded to John Hinton, Alfred Hulme, Keith Elliott, and Moana-Nui-a-Kiwa Ngarimu. Lance Sergeant Haane Manahi of the Māori Battalion was posthumously honoured in 2007 by representatives of the Queen after it was decided that his Distinguished Conduct Medal, awarded for actions at Takrouna, was not to be upgraded to a Victoria Cross, despite recommendations from senior officers, including Brian Horrocks.^[57]

Elements of the division, the 9th Brigade, were reorganised as the division disbanded to become J Force (later 2 NZEF, Japan), the New Zealand contribution to the British Commonwealth Occupation Force in Japan.^[58]

Order of battle

Initial composition, 1940–41

Headquarters New Zealand Division

• Divisional Cavalry Regiment
• HQ Divisional Artillery
  • 4 Field Regiment
  • 5 Field Regiment
  • 6 Field Regiment
  • 7 Anti-Tank Regiment
  • 1 Survey Troop
  • 14 Light Anti-Aircraft Regiment
• HQ Divisional Engineers
  • 5,6,7,8 Companies
• Divisional Signals
• HQ 4 Infantry Brigade — 4th New Zealand Armoured Brigade from 1943
  • 18 Battalion
  • 19 Battalion
  • 20 Battalion
• HQ 5 Infantry Brigade
  • 21 Battalion
  • 22 Battalion
  • 23 Battalion
• HQ 6 Infantry Brigade
  • 24 Battalion
  • 25 Battalion
  • 26 Battalion
• 27th Machine-Gun Battalion
• 28 (Māori) Battalion
• HQ Divisional Army Service Corps
• Divisional Ammunition Company
• Divisional Petrol Company
• Divisional Supply Column
• Reserve MT Company
• 4, 5, 6 Field Ambulances
• 4 Field Hygiene Section
• Divisional Provost Company
• Divisional Intelligence Section
• Divisional Postal Unit
• Divisional Employment Platoon
• Other service support units — LAD, Bath, salvage etc.

Order of Battle as at 11 May 1944

Order of battle taken from the New Zealand Official History.^[59]

• HQ 2 NZ Division
  • 2 NZ Divisional Cavalry
• HQ 4 Armoured Brigade
  • 4 Squadron, 2 NZ Divisional Signals
  • 18 Armoured Regiment
  • 19 Armoured Regiment
  • 20 Armoured Regiment
  • 22 (Motor) Battalion
• HQ 2 NZ Divisional Artillery
  • 4 Field Regiment
  • 5 Field Regiment
  • 6 Field Regiment
  • 7 Anti-Tank Regiment
  • 14 Light And-Aircraft Regiment
  • 36 Survey Battery
• HQ 2 NZ Divisional Engineers
  • 5 Field Park Company
  • 6 Field Company
  • 7 Field Company
• HQ 5 Infantry Brigade
  • 5 Infantry Brigade Defence Platoon
  • 21 Battalion
  • 23 Battalion
  • 28 (Maori) Battalion
• HQ 6 Infantry Brigade
  • 6 Infantry Brigade Defence Platoon
  • 24 Battalion
  • 25 Battalion
  • 26 Battalion
• 27 (Machine Gun) Battalion
• HQ Command NZ Army Service Corps

See also

• Military history of New Zealand during World War II

Notes

1. ^ The other two recipients of the VC and Bar are Arthur Martin-Leake and Noel Chavasse, both doctors in the Royal Army Medical Corps,^[5]
2. ^ General Mark Clark was initially apprehensive of making use of an ex-British 8th Army Division. As an American, he was even more apprehensive of having Freyberg, who he considered a "prima donna" who "had to be handled with kid gloves" leading the Army Reserve. Clark feared that due to Freyberg's extensive experience, he would question or dispute his orders. What concerned him most was that he feared that General Alexander might decide to use the New Zealand Corps to replace General Goeffrey Keyes's II US Corps and "snatch the victory which the Americans had so dearly bought." The failure of the New Zealand Corps to capture Cassino reduced these fears and eventually made Clark more amenable towards the New Zealand Corps.^[18]
3. ^ The New Zealand Corps was not a true corps since it lacked a full staff and set of corps troops. It was more a temporary extension of the division. New Zealand simply did not have the resources to fully man a corps level formation.
4. ^ Although not explicitly recorded, it is assumed that Feyberg, new to mountain warfare, over estimated the risks associated with an advance to attack over mountainous terrain without any well developed roads—and decided to abandon this plan in favour of the easier, but unsuccessful approach previously used.^[24]
5. ^ At this time, Rommel referred to General Freyberg as "...an old acquaintance of mine from previous campaigns."^[54]

Citations

1. ^ 2 Div NZFE DiggerHistory.Info Inc
2. ^ Orbat.com, W Force, 5 April 1941, accessed July 2009
3. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 35306. pp. 5935–5936. 10 October 1941. Retrieved 23 July 2009.
4. ^ London Gazette: (Supplement) no. 37283. p. 4779. 25 September 1945. Retrieved 27 October 2007.
5. ^ Crawford, J. A. B. (1 September 2010). "Upham, Charles Hazlitt - Biography". Dictionary of New Zealand Biography. Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand,. 5 (1941-1960) (updated for online version ed.). Government of New Zealand Ministry of Culture and Heritage. http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/people/charles-upham. Retrieved 21 February 2011. 
6. ^ ed Max Lambert, Air New Zealand Almanac 1989, NZ Press Association, p.220
7. ^ Latimer p. 290
8. ^ Stevens, p. 14.
9. ^ Stevens, p. 23
10. ^ Stevens, p. 55]
11. ^ Stevens, p. 61
12. ^ Stevens, p. 61
13. ^ Stevens, p. 110
14. ^ Stevens, p. 115
15. ^ Stevens (1962), p. 248.
16. ^ Ellis, p. 159
17. ^ Ellis p. 160
18. ^ Ellis pp. 161–162
19. ^ Atkinson p. 411
20. ^ Ellis p. 161
21. ^ Ellis, pp. 162–163
22. ^ Ellis, p. 163
23. ^ Molony, p. 706
24. ^ Molony, pp. 706–707
25. ^ Ellis, pp. 165–166
26. ^ Ellis p. 168
27. ^ Ellis, p. 182
28. ^ Ellis, p. 184
29. ^ Molony p. 712
30. ^ Ellis, p. 185
31. ^ Ellis, p. 191
32. ^ Ellis p. 221
33. ^ Molony p. 777
34. ^ Ellis pp. 221–222
35. ^ Ellis p. 226
36. ^ Ellis p. 229
37. ^ Ellis p. 231
38. ^ Ellis p. 238
39. ^ Ellis p. 244
40. ^ Ellis p. 250
41. ^ Connell p. 58
42. ^ Kay, p. 21
43. ^ Kay, p. 32
44. ^ Kay, p. 37
45. ^ Kay, p. 47
46. ^ Kay, p. 84
47. ^ Kay, p. 84
48. ^ Kay, p. 102
49. ^ Kay, p. 113
50. ^ Kay, p. 179
51. ^ Kay, p. 188
52. ^ Kay, p. 189
53. ^ Kay, p. 190.
54. ^ Liddell-Hart, p. 238
55. ^ Playfair Vol III, p. 339
56. ^ The Rommel Papers, Liddell-Hart, p240
57. ^ "Vet's Heroism Recognised 64 Years Later". www.bookrags.com. http://www.bookrags.com/news/vets-heroism-recognized-64-years-moc/. Retrieved 25 July 2009. 
58. ^ Gillespie, p. 310
59. ^ Kay, Appendix III

References

• Atkinson, Rick (2007). The Day of Battle: the War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944. London.: Little Brown. 
• Connell, Charles (1963). Monte Cassino: The Historic Battle. London: Elek Books. 
• Ellis, John (1984). Cassino: The Hollow Victory. London: Andre Deutsch. 
• Ewer, Peter (2008). Forgotten Anzacs: The Campaign in Greece, 1941. Carlton North, Vic.: Scribe Publications. ISBN 9781921215292. OCLC 457093199. 
• Gillespie, Oliver A. (1952). Kippenberger, Howard Karl. ed. The Pacific. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2Paci.html. 
• Kay, Robin (1967). Italy Volume II : From Cassino to Trieste. The Official History of New Zealand in the Second World War 1939–1945. Wellington, New Zealand: Historical Publications Branch. http://www.nzetc.org/tm/scholarly/tei-WH2-2Ita.html. 
• Latimer, Jon (2002). Alamein. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 
• Liddell Hart, B.H. (Ed.) (1953). The Rommel Papers. London: Collins. 
• Molony, Brigadier C.J.C.; with Flynn, Captain F.C. (R.N.); Davies, Major-General H.L. & Gleave, Group Captain T.P. (2004) [1st. pub. HMSO:1973]. Butler, Sir James. ed. The Mediterranean and Middle East, Volume V Part 1: The Campaign in Sicily 1943 and The Campaign in Italy 3rd September 1943 to 31st March 1944. History of the Second World War, United Kingdom Military Series. Uckfield, UK: Naval & Military Press. ISBN 1-84574-069-6. 
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