- Thousand Buddha Mountain
The Thousand Buddha Mountain (zh-cp|c=千佛山|p=Qiān Fó Shān) is a hill located southeast of the city of
Jinan , the capital ofShandong Province,China . It is renowned for its numerous Buddha images which have been carved out of the hill's rock faces or free-standing structures erect since the times of theSui Dynasty (581-618, A.D.) and its Xingguochan Temple.Location
The Thousand Buddha Mountain is a small hill located about 2.5
kilometer s southeast from the center of the city of Jinan 济南. The hill's ridge runs in east-west direction and the summit rises 285meter s above sea level andslightly more than 200 meters from the hill's base. Since1959 , it has been a public park which also comprises "Yellowstone Cliff" (Huangshi Ya 黄石崖) to the south and "Jueshan Mountain" to the east and covers a total area of 1.66square kilometer s.The Thousand Buddha Mountain Public Park is flanked by a cemetery honoring the fallen of the
Xinhai Revolution of1911 on the east side, the Shandong Provincial Museum to the northeast, and the Jinan Botanical Garden on the west side.Legend
According to a legend related in the "Youyang Zazu" ("Youyang Miscellanies") by the
Tang Dynasty writerDuan Chengshi (800 -863 ), the Thousand Buddha Mountain was originally located by the sea and the sea god had locked it in place there by a large lock in order to prevent the god in charge of the mountains from moving it around. However, eventually the lock broke and the mountain was hurled through the air into its present position. An artwork shaped as a large lock and a piece of chain has been placed on the summit of the mountain as a reference to the legend.History
Buddhism became popular in the Jinan area during the reign of
Emperor Wen, the founder of theSui Dynasty . With Buddhism, monks came to area and chiseled Buddha statues out of the flanks of the hill, which was originally called "Miji Hill" or "Li Hill". A temple, called the "Thousand Buddha Temple" (Qianfosi) was founded at the foot of the hill. Eventually, the hill was renamed after the temple into "Thousand Buddha Mountain". One of the old names, "Li Hill" (Li Shan), survives in the name of "Lishan Road", the major avenue which runs through Jinan towards the Thousand Buddha Mountain in north-south direction.The "Thousand-Buddha Cliff" is located on the northern flank of the hill behind the Xingguochan Temple (s. below). The foot of the cliff is pierced by five caves, which are named (from west to east): Longquan (Dragon Spring) Cave, Jile (Extremely Happy) Cave, Qianlou (probably a person's name) Cave, and Luzhu (probably a person's name) Cave. The caves' height ranges from 3
meter s down to only 20centimeter s. About 130 Buddha statues which were carved into Thousand-Buddha Cliff during the Sui period remain today. The Jile Cave houses 16 Buddha statues, the tallest of which is 3 m high.Along with the Buddha statues, temples and other buildings were erected on the hill. The most renown of these structures is the "Xingguochan Temple" (zh-cp|c=兴国禅寺|p=Xing Guo Chan Si, literally: "Development of the Country Buddhist Temple") which was originally build during the reign of Emperor Taizhong of Tang as an expansion of the Sui-Dynasty Qianfo Temple. Further enlargements were undertaken during the
Song Dynasty , but the temple was destroyed by war afterwards. Rebuilding was undertaken in1468 , during theMing Dynasty . The Guanying Hall, the Foye Hall, and the Thousand-Hands Buddha statue were added during theQing Dynasty .The temple is located about half-way up the hill and can be reached via 300 stone steps. A large inscription (total area about 15square meter s) cut into the cliff face to the southwest of the identifies it as the "Number One Temple" (Di Yi Mi Hua). The temple's courtyards feature several stone tablets bearing inscriptions from renown calligraphers. In one of the temple's courtyards stands a sculpture of the legendaryEmperor Shun , who is -- according to the local tradition -- credited with first ploughing the soil in Jinan as well as with inventing the writing brush. Because of its mythological association with Emperor Shun, the Thousand Buddha hill is also known as "Shungeng Hill". The main structure of the temple are: Grand Prayer Hall,Guanying Hall,Dharma Hall,Maitreya Hall, and the Buddhist Scripture building. Lishanyuan courtyard, to the east of the temple, is surrounded by sites of worship belonging toConfucianism ,Taoism , and Buddhism. The names of these buildings are: the Shun and the Luban Ancestral Temples, the Wenchang ("Develop the Culture") Cabinet, and the Yilan Kiosk. The temple has been the site of two annual temple fairs held on the 3rd day of the third month and 9th day of the 9th month of the ChineseLunar Calendar since the times of theYuan Dynasty . It was burned down in wars and rebuild during theMing Dynasty . Other notable buildings on the hill are: the "Pagoda Tree Pavilion" (Tang Dynasty), "Cloud Passing Zen Temple", and the "Tanghuai Kiosk".Many of the statues on the Thousand Buddha Mountain were damaged or lost during the
Cultural Revolution , but restoration started in1979 already. Since then, many new statues have been added. The largest largest new statues are a 20 meter-tall sitting Maitreya Buddha completed in2000 and lying Buddha with aswastika on his chest. The latter statue was carved out ofgranite in1996 , has a length of 10 meters and weighs approximately 50tonnes .The Thousand Buddha Mountain Public Park has been developed extensively for -- mostly local tourism -- by the creation of access roads and walking paths as well the addition of
amusement park features such as a 600 meter-longchairlift , a summer slide (the "Qineng Slide") down the hill, akart racing track, and numerous souvenir stalls (one of which was placed right at the summit as of2006 ). A major tourist attraction is the "Myriad Buddha Cave" (Wanfo Dong) at the foot of the hill's northern slope. Inside the more than 500 meter-long artificial cave, late-20th-century recreations of Buddhist statues from four famous Chinese grottoes (Dunhuang andMaiji Shan inGansu Province, Longmen inHenan Province,Yun Gang inShanxi Province) are on display. The original artworks were created during the Northern Wei, Tang, and Song dynasties. According to the operators (information provided on the backside of the entrance ticket as of2006 ), around 28 000 Buddhist images are on display inside the cave, the biggest statue -- a lying Buddha -- is 28 meters long.External links
* [http://travelchinaguide.com/attraction/shandong/jinan/mt_qianfo.htm brief description of the attractions]
* [http://www.china-sd.net/eng/sdtravel/scenery/20.asp article on "Shandong On Internet"]
Wikimedia Foundation. 2010.