List of rasa'il in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity

The following is a list of the "rasa'il" (epistles) which compose the influential Neoplatonic encyclopedia, the "Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity" composed by the Brethren of Purity in the tenth century CE in Basra, Iraq.

The following tabulation of the rasa'il is principally drawn from a work entitled "Notices of some copies of the Arabic work intitled "Rasàyil Ikhwàm al-cafâ"", written by Aloys Sprenger, originally published by the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" (in Calcutta) in 1848. Doubts have been raised by A. L. Tibawi as to the accuracy of Sprenger's catalogue: "But it is unfortunate that his account is marred by loose translation and too many misreadings of or misprints in the Arabic, and his collection omits the fourteenth tract, merges the eighth with the ninth, and leaves the text of the twelfth and thirteenth confused." cite journal |last=Tibawi |first=A. L. |year=1955 |title=Ikhwan as-Safa and their Rasa'il: A Critical Review of a Century and a Half of Research |journal=The Islamic Quarterly |volume=2 |issue= |pages28-46= |id=ISSN 0021-1842]

Mathematical Sciences

# Numbers, arithmetic, and numerology, especially Pythagorean; a discussion of the importance of the number four
# Geometry ("jumatriya"). Euclid's definitions and how to calculate the area of a triangle
# Ptolemaic astronomy ("asturunumiya")
# Geography ("al-jughrafiya"), especially geography that uses mathematics. The Brethren explain racial characteristics as resulting from varying climates' long-term influence. "However, differences exist between the races and nations of the earth. According to the theory of racial differences, which we also find in the same context in al-Kindi: the particularizing and characterizing signs that distinguish nations and races are not the results of inheritance, but are caused by the place the various groups inhabit, and its climate." page 8 of Shiloah 1978] Interestingly, the Brethren seem to know of Japan: "The most eastern country of this climate is the island of Niphon [compare another term for Japan, "Nippon"] ; then comes southern China, then the south of Ceylon, then central India, then subcentral and Sind, then beyond the Persian Gulf the south of Oman then comes the centre of the country of Shir, then central Yaman, then across the Red Sea, central Messynia ; then across the Nile is Nubia....." "Notices of some copies of the Arabic work entitled "Rasàyil Ikhwàm al-cafâ"", written by Aloys Sprenger, originally published by the "Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal" (in Calcutta) in 1848 [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Brethren_of_Sincerity] ] [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

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# Music ("al-musiqa") [http://web.archive.org/web/20040225093029/http://www.iis.ac.uk/learning/life_long_learning/rasail_ikhwan/rasail_ikhwan.htm#anchor9] Deals with the subject in unusually many aspects. "When I originally undertook to prepare this text for publication, it very soon became clear to me that this treatise in its range, construction, purpose and richness of thematic material was unique of its kind, both in the Arabic musical literature that preceded and followed it and, perhaps, in the whole of medieval musical literature." page 5 of Shiloah 1978.] It first lays out the power of music and its uses; it uses the practical purposes of music "If one establishes the measure of time by the regular, harmonious and proportionate succession of motions and silences, the notes resulting will be comparable to the notes produced by the movements of the sphere and the heavenly bodies and in concordance with them. Thus doing, the individual soul that inhabits the world of generation and corruption, will recall the beatitude of the world of the spheres and the felicity of the souls who are there above. It will know and will acquire the conviction that the souls of the celestial world enjoy the best conditions, the sweetest delights and the most lasting felicity, for the notes produced by the movements of the spheres are purer, their melodies sweeter; for these celestial bodies are of a better constitution, of a more beautiful form, of a purer substance, their movements are better ordered and their concordance is more harmonious. When the individual soul that inhabits the world of generation and corruption will have acquired a knowledge of the states of the celestial world, will have had faith in the truth of what we have described, it will manifest an ardent desire to mount upwards and to join there the souls of its own kind, delivered from nations that disappeared in earlier times." page 35 of Shiloah, 1978.] as a defense against various Koranic proscription; another defense is that the restrictions are applicable only to entertainment and pleasure motivated music, analogous to contemporary defenses of poetry). Theologically motivated, it moves on to the abstracted essence of music, which is present in all arts. "This is the art of harmony ("tayif") which can be defined in terms of proportions. Our intention in this Epistle is not therefore the teaching of the practice of music ("ghinī"); nor of the instrument art ("sinālat al-malāhī"), although the study of this aspect is indispensable, but our purpose is to make known the science of proportions and the modality of harmony, the knowledge of which presides at mastery in all the arts." page 12 of Shiloah 1978]
# Deals with ratios and proportions, which are useful in mathematics and also especially in musical scales; indeed, Thomas Davidson describes there assertion thus: "The faculty of aesthetic judgement investigates these properties, and so discovers the rules of Art." Eric van Reijn classifies this epistle as dealing with "Mathematics and Geometry". pg. ix of Reijn 1995]
# The seventh and eighth epistles are the "Classification of the Sciences" , or "On the scientific arts":
* The nine professional sciences are "the educational sciences, intended to help men to a maintenance, and to direct them in their intercourse with others." They are: reading and writing; grammar and language; arithmetic; sorcery and alchemy and shorthand; "Versification and poetry" or "poetry and music"pg 198-199, Lane-Poole 1883] ; business and agriculture; "trades and professions"; selling, buying, and other things of commerce like breeding cattle; and finally, biographies and histories.
* The 6 religious sciences "help the soul in its struggle towards the other world."pg 199, Lane-Poole 1883] They consist of: learning the Koran (revelation); learning the Koran's commentaries (explanation); of the hadith and other traditions (tradition); "the knowledge of law and ordinances of God and of legal division" (law); religious obligations and asceticism; and oneiromancy ("illumination").
* The given hierarchy of philosophical sciences is complex. It appears to be as follows:
** Mathematical sciences
*** Arithmetic
*** Geometry
*** Astronomy
*** Music
** Logic
*** Poetry
*** Rhetoric
*** Topica
*** Analytica
*** Sophistica
** Natural philosophy
*** "Sciences of the first principles of a body"
**** Matter
**** Shape
**** Time
**** Place
**** Motion
*** "Science of the heavens and of the universe"
**** What the heavens are made of
**** How many bodies there are in the heavens
**** Why those bodies move
**** Whether those bodies can be destroyed like mundane matter
*** "de generatione et corruptione"
**** The nature of the four elements
**** The influence of stars on the sublunary world
*** Meteorology
*** Mineralogy
*** Zoology
** Metaphysical sciences
*** Theology
*** Knowledge of angels
*** Knowledge of dead souls
*** Knowledge of governments
*** "Science of things connected with a future state"
* "On creeds and professions"- a classification of the sciences into three categories of professional, religious, and philosophical sciences. The Brethren write::"Know, my brother, that there are three kinds of sciences with which people are busy, namely: the propaedeutic sciences, the religious and conventional sciences, the philosophical and real sciences." [http://web.archive.org/web/20040225093029sh_re_/www.iis.ac.uk/learning/life_long_learning/rasail_ikhwan/rasail_ikhwan.htm] This chapter deals especially with the practical arts.:9. "Where one accounts for characters, the causes of their difference and the [various] species of the evils which [strike] them; anecdotes drawn from the educational rules of the Prophets and cream of the morals of the sages." (from Sprenger). "No. 9 examines the differences of Temperament and Character, with the view of enabling the soul to attain the proper mood and develop a perfect character. Here we have a system of Ethics." (from Thomas Davidson).:10. A summary of Porphyry's "Isagoge" (the Latin name for his "Introduction to Categories", sometimes simply "Introduction").:11. A summary of Aristotle's "Categories", a portion of his "Organon"; it tries to encompass all things under the ten categories of Aristotle.:12. A summary of "De Interpretatione", another subsection of his "Organon"; an essay defending the usefulness of logic in general is included after its discussion of Aristotle's propositions.:13. A summary of "Prior Analytics", another work included in Aristotle's "Organon":14. A summary of 'Posterior Analytics", another work included in Aristotle's "Organon"

Natural Sciences

# According to Aloys and Godefroid de Callataÿ, this rasa'il is a summary of "Posterior Analytics", the followup to "Prior Analytics" in the "Organum"; for Thomas Davidson and Eric van Reijn, this rasa'il concerns rather Aristotle's "Physics". Regardless, when the Brethren discuss physics, they employ another hierarchical characterization of the Great Chain of Being:
#* Motion
#** Physical
#*** Generation
#*** Corruption
#*** Augmentation
#*** Diminution
#*** Alteration
#*** Translation
#**** Straight
#**** Circular
#**** Combination
#** Spiritual
# A summary of Aristotle's "de Coelo", with a discussion of astronomy and circumnavigating the kaaba at Mecca
# A summary of "On Generation and Corruption". Aloys says that it "differs widely from Aristotle's work of the same name. It contains a popular explanation of Aristotle's ideas on the subject, interspersed with numerous moral reflections, and other extraneous matters." [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

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# On matter, space, motion, and time, according to Aloys Sprenger; Thomas Davidson and Godefroid de Callataÿ list this rasa'il as being on meteorology, using Aristotle's "Meteorology"; van Reijn simply calls this chapter "The Celestial Bodies".
# On minerals, which segues into a discussion of souls ascending to heaven
# A discussion of Nature (the metaphysical entity of the Brethren's hierarchy) and its creation of the animals, plants, and minerals
# A discussion of the various kinds of plants, and of a quasi-Great chain of being view of the natural hierarchy, in which plants are superior to minerals, but inferior to animals, which are themselves inferior to humans, and thence to angels- and all are inferior to the Creator. Interestingly, the Brethren do not see a clear and sharp break between domains, according the palm tree near-animal status because of its division in male and female sexes.
# "The Generation of Animals." A discussion and classification of animals. (This was the rasa'il the Rev. T. Thomason first published an excerpt from).
# "The Composition of the Body." On man's body, and a hermetic view ("As above, so below") view of man's body as a microcosm related to the macrocosm.
# Ostensibly a summary of the "On Sense and the Sensible" by Aristotle; it lays out theories of neurology and sensory perception and the effects of astrology on portions of the body.
# Embryology. Which planets control which month of pregnancy.
# In spirit, a continuation of the ninth, which begins: "Know, O brother, that the knowledge of one's own self is the key to every science and this is threefold; first, man ought to be acquainted with the component part and economy of his own body, and with all those qualities which are independent of the influences of the soul; secondly, he ought to study the soul and its qualities independent of the body, and thirdly he ought to understand their joint action." [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/

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] The Brethren further go on to lay astrological correspondences with bodily parts and orifices.
# "On the modalities of birth of the particular souls in the natural human bodily systems." [http://web.archive.org/web/20040225093029sh_re_/www.iis.ac.uk/learning/life_long_learning/rasail_ikhwan/rasail_ikhwan.htm] . Davidson offers a clearer gloss: "...shows how the partial soul grows in the human body, and how it may thus, before or after death, become an angel." van Reijn reverses this and the previous one, holding that number 25 is on the embryo and 26 is on "Man as Microcosm".
# "On the extent of the powers of the human mind to penetrate into the mysteries of the universe" and the mysteries of the Creator.
# On life and death, and how a rational soul is embodied, and why death is not to be feared, since it allows the good to reach Paradise. (van Reijn likewise reverses this and the preceding one).
# Pleasure and pain, in mortal and immortal life.
# "The Diversity of Languages" On the purposes and functions of language, and also on the cause of differing languages.

Psychological and Rational Sciences

# A Pythagorean explanation of creation, a defense that the universe was indeed created in a way deeply concerned with numbers at some point, and that the decimal system- then a still fairly recent innovative introduction from the Hindus - described the universe.
# "On the origins of the "logos" (i.e. intellect considered as a substance and not as a faculty)." Eric van Reijn glosses this epistle as concerning the "Spiritual Creation (according to the Sincere Brethren)."
# "Man as Macrocosm." Further discussion of a macrocosmic correlation with a microcosm of man's body.
# "On intellect (as a faculty of the mind), and the object of intellect."
# "On the revolutions and orbits of the stars. The authors enter at some length on the sidereal period, or Yugas of the Hindus, which became known to the Arabs by a translation of the Siddhanta."
# Love of the soul for the Creator.
# Resurrection and immortality of the soul; this rasa'il has especial emphasis on the ascension of the soul, and Davidson says: "In this the whole system laid down in the Cyclopaedia culminates."
# On motion, and on the Cosmological argument
# On cause and effect
# "On the nature of simple and compound bodies." (Or possibly "On definitions and descriptions", which is followed by van Reijn's translation as "Definitions and Classifications"; Davidson: "...treats of Definitions and Determinations, and tries to show the ideal essence of things, simple and compound.")

Theological Sciences

# A chapter discussing the various disputing philosophies and religions. Concludes that all aim at the salvation of humans, but non-Islamic ones miss the mark.
# "The Ascent to God". A discussion of how to reach the Creator through a virtuous and pious life, and how some were called by Him to aid the rest in seeking him."Out of His infinite grace He chose a few of his servants and permitted them to draw near to Him, and he revealed some of His hidden secrets to them. They were then sent to summon all men to repent and disclose to the rest of Mankind some of those mysteries, so that they might awaken from their Slumber of Ignorance and live the life of the wise and the blessed, and reach the perfection of Paradise and eternal life." page 11 of Reijn 1995] The manner of seeking is also described; the only thing pure in man in his soul "There are only to ways to get there: having a pure Soul and keeping to the Straight Path. By its very nature Man's Soul is always pure. The human body consists of flesh and blood, bones, veins, sinews, skin and the like; dark and heavy substances originating from the earth and subject to change and decay." page 11 of Reijn 1995] , so it is the Soul that one must seek the creator through "Being 'pure consciousness', the soul directly beholds spiritual realities, even though they are invisible to the human eye, but it beholds the physical world only through the sense. However if the Soul has sunken into a state of ignorance....it will be unable to see God and will be hindered from attaining the blessings of Paradise." page 11 of Reijn 1995] , however slowly must needs be & they will be judged on their progress. "However, some people know and believe that the Revelation is true, others accept it on its own authority without questioning it; others yet again shun theological problems and are reluctant to even discuss them... The souls of all these people have fallen into a slumber of ignorance; only a good and compassionate friend can awaken the", page 14-15. "Only when their Souls have been cleansed and their understanding purified, and when their mental faculties have grown stronger, will the full answer to these questions be revealed to them..." pg 15. "He made man the measure of His creation. Each of us will be his own set of scales, weighing out his own reward or punishment on the Day of Judgement. Man is a microcosm which reflects all creation." pg 16 of Reijn 1995]
# "The Creed [or Doctrine] of the Sincere Brethren". A chapter of stories and parables which explain the religious beliefs of the Brethren; death and pain must be spurned for higher and greater things, ignorance must be vanquished, and examples are given from the lives of JesusAlthough the Brethren's beliefs sometimes differed from the New Testament's version. Take pg 29: "In the morning Jesus left his disciples and later appeared among the people, preaching and exhorting them. He was then arrested and taken to the King of the Jews who ordered his crucifixion. But what they crucified his Humanity." Reijn 1995] , Mohammed, Socrates, Abraham and others to show that they too believed in another greater life one must strive to reach.
# "On the social intercourse of the Brethren of Purity; on the mutual assistance which they rendered each other in the spirit of true charity; on their benevolence, affection and kind-heartedness. The object of this treatise is to inculcate unity, and the duty of aiding each other in worldly and spiritual concerns." or more simply, "On Friendship". A chapter discussing the Brethren's organization and habits (ie. meet for purposes of education, pg 35: "Know, Brother, that we Brethren should meet one another from time to time at gatherings that exclude outsiders, to discuss our esoteric sciences and to meditate on their secret knowledge...Our Brethren should not scorn any science or book of wisdom, neither should we stick to one "madhhab" in particular. Our "madhhab" comprises all "madhhabs" and all sciences." Reijn 1995] assist one's comradespg 37: "We Brethren assist one another against our common foes. Each of us in form support for the others in calamities and misfortune, a protective shield in happiness and adversity, a well-kept treasure for the hour of need, a quiet shelter in distress, a vital bond for those seeking a friend to intercede on their behalf with God, and an inaccessible fortress in which one takes refuge in times of war." Reijn 1995] etc.), whose title van Reijn gives as "Friendship and Mutual Assistance", which is interesting since it is the source for the popular belief that the Brethren derived their name from a story in the "Kalilah wa-Dimnah" concerned precisely with friendship and mutual assistance. This chapter is largely translated by Sprenger.
# On faith and the believers of them. "no. 45 (4) seeks to show the Philosophic Content of the Muslim Faith, and to explain the meaning of inspiration and obsession. It contains deep wisdom and a dark secret." (Davidson again).
# "On the quiddity of the divine nomos, the conditions of prophecy and the quantity of characteristics (the Prophets); on the doctrines of the divine men and of the men of God." [http://web.archive.org/web/20040225093029/http://www.iis.ac.uk/learning/life_long_learning/rasail_ikhwan/rasail_ikhwan.htm#anchor9] van Reijn gives a simpler title: "Prophecy and the Divine Law".
# On the call to religion and the Creator
# On the states and actions of the spiritual beings.
# On politics; the ruler "par excellence" is the Creator, unsurprisingly, and the best human ruler is the one that approaches closest to how the Creator would rule.
# On the arrangement of the world as a whole. This rasa'il asserts that the universe will return to the Creator, as it emanated from him, based on a Koranic verse: "On the day when we shall roll up the heavens like a scroll, as we produced it at its first creation, we shall draw it back again." (Sura xii. 104)
# On magic, witchcraft, incantations and the evil eye, along with jinns, devils, angels, magical artifacts etc. Hermeticism is especially apparent in this section.

References

*citation
last=Shiloah
first=Amnon
year=1978
title=The Epistle on music of the Ikhwan Al-Safa
publisher=Tel-Aviv University
*Cite book
edition = 1st
publisher = Khayat Book & Publishing Company S.A.L
last = Lane-Poole
first = Stanley
title = Studies in a Mosque
accessdate = 2007-04-28
date = 1883
url = http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Studies_in_a_Mosque
*Cite book
edition = 1st
publisher = Minerva Press
isbn = 1-85863-418-0
last = Van Reijn
first = Eric
title = The Epistles of the Sincere Brethren: an annotated translation of Epistles 43-47
date = 1995

External links

* [http://www.iis.ac.uk/view_article.asp?ContentID=101199 "The Classification of the Sciences according to the Rasa'il Ikhwan al-Safa'" by Godefroid de Callataÿ]