Annonaceae

taxobox

---

image_caption = "Annona squamosa" fruit
regnum = Plantae
unranked_divisio = Angiosperms
unranked_classis = Magnoliids
ordo = Magnoliales
familia = Annonaceae
familia_authority = Juss.
subdivision_ranks = Genera
subdivision = See text
synonyms = "Hornschuchiaceae" J. Agardh "Monodoraceae" J. Agardhcite web
url = http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/family.pl?66
title = Family: "Annonaceae" Juss., nom. cons.
accessdate = 2008-04-18
author = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN)
authorlink = Germplasm Resources Information Network
date = 2007-05-12
format = HTML
work = Taxonomy for Plants
publisher = USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland ] |

Annonaceae family, also called custard apple familyITIS|ID=18092|taxon=Annonaceae|year=2008|date=18 March] cite journal
last =Flora of North America
authorlink =Flora of North America
title = 2. Annonaceae Jussieu
volume =3
url = http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=10047
accessdate = 2008-04-20 ] is a family of flowering plants consisting of trees, shrubs or rarely woody lianas. With about 2300 to 2500 species and more than 130 genera,cite web
url = http://edoc.hu-berlin.de/dissertationen/bridg-hannia-2000-03-24/HTML/brigd-ch1.html
title = Micropropagation and Determination of the in vitro Stability of "Annona cherimola" Mill. and "Annona muricata" L.
accessdate = 2008-04-20
last = Bridg
first = Hannia
date = 2001-05-03
format = HTML
publisher = Zertifizierter Dokumentenserver der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin] it is the largest family in the Magnoliales. Only four genera, "Annona", "Rollinia", "Uvaria" and "Asimina" produce edible fruits, anona.Its type genus is "Annona". The family is concentrated in the tropics, with few species found in temperate regions. About 900 species are Neotropical, 450 are Afrotropical, and the other species Indomalayan.

Compared to the species from the Neotropic area, very little is known about the species from Indomalaya. Only a few attempts have been made for the phylogeny-based reclassification of the family, and those have been hampered by the Neotropic bias in the available information, with the most of the work having been done on informal genus groups.cite journal
last =Chatrou
first =Dr. L.W.
authorlink =National Herbarium of the Netherlands
title =Molecular Systematics of Annonaceae
journal =Annonaceae research projects
publisher =Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
date =2005-07-29
url =http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Molecular%20Systematics%20of%20Annonaceae
accessdate = 2008-04-20 ]

"Guatteria" with its approximately 265 species is the largest genus of Annonaceae and might be broken into three small genera based on molecular characters from multiple locations.cite journal
last =Erkens
first =R.H.J.
authorlink =National Herbarium of the Netherlands
coauthors = Dr L.W. Chatrou, Dr J. Koek-Noorman and Prof. P.J.M. Maas
title =Phylogeny and evolution of "Guatteria"
journal =Annonaceae research projects
publisher =Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
date =2005-07-29
url =http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Phylogeny%20and%20evolution%20of%20Guatteria
accessdate = 2008-04-20 ]

Tribe Saccopetaleae is another group of Annonaceae that is awaiting review as recent molecular studies suggest that this tribe is not monophyletic at all.cite journal
last =Mols
first =J.B.
authorlink =National Herbarium of the Netherlands
coauthors = Dr L.W. Chatrou, Dr J. Koek-Noorman and Prof. P.J.M. Maas
title =Phylogeny of "Miliusa" and allied Asian Annonaceae using cpDNA and morphology
journal =Annonaceae research projects
publisher =Nationaal Herbarium Nederland
date =2005-07-29
url =http://www.nationaalherbarium.nl/taskforcemolecular/annonaceae.htm#Phylogeny%20of%20Miliusa%20and%20allied%20Asian%20Annonaceae%20using%20cpDNA%20and%20morphology
accessdate = 2008-04-20 ]

Description

Mostly tropical, deciduous or evergreen trees and shrubs, with aromatic bark, leaves, and flowers.

;Stems, stalks and leaves: Bark is fibrous and aromatic. Pith fine tangential bands; divided by partition or partitions to divided by thin partitions with openings in them. :Leaves are alternate, simple, without stipules (the mini-leafs that grow by the leaf stalks), and have leaf stalks. Leaf blades consists of several leaflets, or separate portions, arranged on each side of a common leaf stalk separated by veins.

;Flowers: Flower stalks start from the axil or sometimes from leaf scars on old wood and sometimes from leaf on new shoots. The family can have solitary flowers or small bundles (fascicles) that grow from a flower stalk (peduncle). Flowers are bisexual and rarely unisexual. The apex of the flower stalk, from which the organs of the flower grow might become enlarged, elevated or flat. The outer parts have the sepals, petals, and stamens inserted below the pistil and do not overlap. Usually two to four persistent sepals that are individual or connected at the base. Six petals in two unequal whorls of three with larger outer whorls and fleshier inner whorls that might share the same nectar glands, or six to fifteen petals, with impressed veins on their inner face. Ten to twenty (or many more) stamens inserted below the pistil, spirally arranged and forming ball or flat-topped mass with short and stout s and linear to oblong anthers which face outward and are open longitudinally. Each flower can have from one to many pistils.

;Fruits and seeds: From each pistil comes a part of the fruit and one seed. Fruits are a collection of fleshy seed sacs (syncarps) which makes them a berry. This family can make one to twelve syncarps per flower. Seeds are one to many per pistil; have a fleshy and usually brightly colored cover, have nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo and are oily.

Uses

;Food: The large, edible, pulpy fruits of some members typically called Anona by Spanish and Portuguese speaking people who lived where they grew natively, include species of "Annona" (custard apple, cherimoya, and soursop), "Asimina" (papaw), "Rollinia" (the biriba).

;Medical: The bark, leaves and roots of some species are used in folk medicines. Pharmaceutic research has found antifungal, bacteriostatic, and especially cytostatic capability of some chemical constituents of the leaves and bark. A large number of chemical compounds, including flavonoids, alkaloids and acetogenins, have been extracted from the seeds and many other parts of these plants. Flavonoids and alkaloids have shown antibacterial properties, and have been used for treatment of medical conditions, such as skin disease, intestinal worms and inflammation of the eye. Many species are used in traditional folk medicine, however pharmaceutical products have been developed for the international market. Acetogenins are thought to have anti-HIV and anti-cancer effects. A wide variety of products have been developed and are available for cancer treatment.cite web
url = http://www.icuc-iwmi.org/files/News/Resources/Factsheets/annona.pdf
title = Factsheet No. 5. "Annona"
accessdate = 2008-04-20
author = University of Southampton
authorlink = University of Southampton
date = March 2002
format = PDF
work = Fruits for the Future
publisher = Department for International Development, International Centre for Underutilized Crops]

;Insecticides: Flavonoids and alkaloids contained in the leafs and bark of several species of the family have shown insecticidal properties.

;Other: Some species of the family also have aromatic oil and are used for perfumes or spices.

:The strong bark is used for carrying burdens in the Amazon Rainforest and for wooden implements, such as tool handles and pegs. The wood is valued as firewood.

:Yellow and brown dyes.

:Some species are also grown as ornamental plants, especially "Polyalthia longifolia pendula".

Genera

References

External links

*ITIS|ID=18092|taxon=Annonaceae|year=2008|date=18 March
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/gnlist.pl?66 List of Annonaceae genera of the GRIN Database]