Thomas FitzAlan, 12th Earl of Arundel

Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel KG (October 13, 1381 – October 13, 1415) was an English nobleman, one of the principals of the deposition of Richard II, and a major figure during the reign of Henry IV.

Lineage

He was the only surviving son of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel and his first wife, Elizabeth de Bohun. When he was 16 his father was executed and his lands and titles forfeited. Thomas was given as ward to the King's half-brother John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter, along with a large part of the Arundel estates. Holland greatly mistreated him, a matter Thomas was to cruelly repay many years later.

Escape and exile

Eventually Thomas escaped from his guardian and joined his uncle Thomas Arundel, the deposed Archbishop of Canterbury, in exile. The two eventually joined with another exile, the King's cousin Henry Bolingbroke.

The return of Bolingbroke and Restoration

Thomas followed Henry in his return to England in July 1399, and in the following events which led to the deposition of King Richard and Henry's crowning as King Henry IV. He was butler at the coronation, and shortly afterward the new King restored him to his titles and estates. These included two notable Earldoms; those of Earl of Arundel and Earl of Surrey, and large estates in the Welsh Marches.

The Epihany Rising

Early the next year a group of Barons who had been close to the deposed King Richard II revolted—known as the Epiphany Rising—amongst them Thomas' former guardian John Holland. The latter was captured by followers of Thomas's aunt Joan, Countess of Hereford, and at Thomas' behest was soon executed (some claim he was tortured first).

The rebellion of Owain Glyndwr in Wales

The next few years Thomas was much occupied by events in the Welsh marches, where he had to help deal with the revolt of Owain Glyndŵr which ran in full from 1400 to maybe 1412 but gained a great deal of early momentum until 1405. After the Battle of Shrewsbury in 1403 he was appointed to defend the Marches from further attacks along its full length and then focused on defeating Glyndwr in the northern March adjacent to North Wales.

Revolt in the North

In 1405 there was a revolt in the north of England, led by the Archbishop of York, Richard le Scrope, and the 2nd Duke of Norfolk, John Mowbray. Thomas was the head of the Commission which condemned the pair to death. This apparently led to a falling out between Thomas and his uncle, Archbishop Thomas Arundel, who objected to the execution of a fellow prelate.

Portuguese alliance and marriages

King Henry's sister, Philippa of Lancaster, had married King John I of Portugal, and to further cement the alliance between England and Portugal, Thomas married Beatrice, the illegitimate daughter of King John. The wedding took place in London on November 26, 1405, with King Henry IV in attendance.

Further Welsh conflict

In the following years Thomas again had to help suppress revolts in Wales and the Welsh Marches.

Alliance with Burgundy

Politically Thomas allied himself with the King's half-brothers the Beauforts, and when Thomas Beaufort, 1st Duke of Exeter was appointed Chancellor in 1410, Arundel became one of the King's principal councillors. Beaufort favored an alliance with Burgundy, and Arundel was one of the leaders of those sent to help fight the rival Armagnac faction in France. Sometime in this period Arundel was made a Knight of the Garter.

Death of King Henry IV

In 1412 the Beauforts lost power, and Arundel retired to his estates until the next year, when King Henry IV died. Of course his son, King Henry V restored Arundel to a place of influence, immediately appointing him Lord Treasurer, as well as constable of Dover Castle and Warden of the Cinque Ports.

French focus

Arundel was one of the initial commanders of Henry V's 1415 French campaign, but at the siege of Harfleur he, along with many others, fell ill and had to return to England.

Death

He never recovered, and died not long afterwards.

Succession

Arundel left no children. The castle and lordship of Arundel was inherited by his cousin John Fitzalan, 13th Earl of Arundel. The Earldom of Surrey fell into abeyance (or went extinct; authorities differ on this matter). The rest of his property was split amongst his three surviving sisters.

"Note: Some sources do not include the first seven earls in their list of Earls of Arundel (see Earl of Arundel). In such sources this Earl is the fifth."