Plattenbau

Plattenbau (plural Plattenbauten) is the German word for a building whose structure is constructed of large, prefabricated concrete slabs. The word is a compound of "Platte" (here: panel) and "Bau" (building). Although "Plattenbauten" are often considered to be typical of East Germany, the prefabricated construction method was used extensively in West Germany and elsewhere, particularly in public housing (see Tower block).

Prefabrication was pioneered in the Netherlands following World War I, based on construction methods developed in the United States. The first German use of Plattenbau construction is what is now known as the Splanemann-Siedlung in Berlin's Lichtenberg district, constructed in 1926-1930. [http://www.luise-berlin.de/bms/bmstxt97/9704detb.htm] These two- and three-story apartment houses were assembled of locally cast slabs, inspired by the Dutch "Betondorp" in Watergraafsmeer, a suburb of Amsterdam.

In East Germany, virtually all new residential buildings since the 1960s were built in this style, as it was a quick and relatively cheap way to solve the country's severe housing shortage. There were several common Plattenbau designs. The most common series was the P2, followed by the WBS 70. The designs were flexible and could be built as towers or rows of apartments of various heights.

There have been projects with low rise "Plattenbauten" such as the town of Bernau just north of Berlin. This town had an almost complete historic center of mainly wooden framed buildings within its preserved city walls. Most of these were torn down after 1975 and during the eighties to be replaced by 2-4 story buildings constructed of prefabricated concrete slabs. To fit in with the medieval church and the almost complete city wall, the houses used rather small design units and decreased in height the farther away they were from the Church and the nearer the came to the city wall. A similar project was the Nikolaiviertel around the historic Nikolai church in Berlin's old center. Though in the Nikolaiviertel the buildings were made to look more historic.

Although Plattenbau apartments were considered highly desirable in East Germany, since reunification a combination of decreasing population, renovation of older buildings, and construction of modern alternative housing has led to high vacancy rates, with some estimates placing the number of unoccupied units at around a million. Many Plattenbau apartments were built in giant settlements, often on the edge of cities (such as Marzahn and Hellersdorf in Berlin and Halle-Neustadt), making them inconveniently located.

While many Plattenbau apartments have been renovated to a high standard, some are being torn down, although a lack of funds means many are being left to become derelict.

Other countries

The term "Plattenbau" refers primarily to buildings in the former GDR. However, similar buildings were built in other Communist countries and also in the West. The equivalent of "plattenbau" in other languages is:

* Bulgarian: "панелен блок" ("panelen blok"), "панелка" ("panelka")
* Catalan: "bloc prefabricat"
* Croatian: "stambeni blok"
* Czech: "Panelový dům", "Panelák"
* English: "precast concrete slabs", "system built", "Large Panel System building"
* Estonian: "Paneelmaja"
* Finnish: "Elementtitalo"
* French: "Maison à panneaux"
* Hungarian: "panelház," often shortened to "panel"
* Italian: "Casa prefabbricata"
*
* Polish:"Wielka płyta"
* Romania: "Bloc"
* Russian: "Панельный дом (Panelinyi dom)"
* Slovak: "Panelový dom", "Panelák"
* Serbian: "Блок (Blok), pl. Блокови (Blokovi)"
* Spanish: "Bloque prefabricado"
* Swedish: "miljonprogramhus"

ee also

*Tower block
*Urbanism
*Prefabrication
*Hansaviertel
*Unité d'Habitation
*Pruitt-Igoe - similar housing project in the United States
*Grosvenor Atterbury