Archaeology in Singapore

Archaeology in Singapore is a niche discipline. Although there is a lack of government support for archeological work, many artifacts have been unearthed at sites around the island. These finds have helped to give a clearer picture of Singapore's history, both before and after Stamford Raffles' landing in 1819.

ites

The first site excavation was carried out in 1984 by John N Miksic (then with Gadjah Mada University in Yogyakarta, Indonesia) at Fort Canning. [cite web | title=South-east Asia Archaeology—Archaeology in Singapore | url=http://www.seaarchaeology.com/v1/html/sg/index.html | accessdate=2006-04-26] zh iconcite news | url=http://www.zaobao.com/sp/sp060423_507.html | title=在本地考古很寂寞 (It is lonely to be an archaeologist in Singapore) | author=卢丽珊 | work=Lianhe Zaobao | publisher=Singapore Press Holdings | page=6 | date=2006-04-23 | accessdate=2006-04-26] Since then, places where site surveys have been carried out include:
* Former Drama Centre
* Singapore History Museum
* Punggol
* Saint John's Island
* Singapore Management University campus

There have been site excavations in these areas:
* Fort Canning
* Fort Tanjong Katong
* Padang
* Istana Kampong Glam
* St. Andrew's Cathedral
* Colombo Court
* Duxton Hill
* Empress Place
* Old Parliament House
* Parliament House

Major finds

At Fort Canning, many artifacts dating back to the 14th century have been uncovered, including ceramics from the Yuan Dynasty period, Indian glass beads, Chinese porcelain ware and copper coins. [cite web | url=http://www.seaarchaeology.com/v1/html/sg/fort_canning.html | title=Archaeology in Singapore—Fort Canning | accessdate=2006-04-26]

Although Fort Tanjong Katong, whose construction started only in 1879, was much newer than Fort Canning, a number of artifacts have also been unearthed there. 36 bags of marine ecofact and coral samples were collected from the site and have been sent to the Raffles Museum of Biodiversity at the National University of Singapore (NUS) for analysis. Significant parts of the fort, which was demolished after World War I, were also found "in situ". [cite web | url=http://www.seaarchaeology.com/v1/html/sg/fort_tanjong_katong.html | title=Archaeology in Singapore—Fort Tanjong Katong | accessdate=2006-04-26]

There were so many artifacts uncovered at the Padang that both the work period and the size of the test pit were lengthened. The artifacts include indigenous earthenware, Chinese trade ceramics, and coins from the Tang, Song and Jin Dynasties. [cite web | url=http://www.seaarchaeology.com/v1/html/sg/padang.html | title=Archaeology in Singapore—Padang | accessdate=2006-04-26]

Investigations in the south-east corner of Istana Kampong Glam indicate that a structure may have predated the existing Istana, which was built around 1842. This would support written accounts that have described a wooden structure that Sultan Hussein and his family lived in as early as 1830. The earliest dated artifacts unearthed are Dutch East India Company and mid-Qing coins. Other artifacts recovered are mostly from the 19th and 20th centuries and include Malay earthenware, European transfer print ceramic, Japanese ceramic ware, and various species of marine gastropods and bivalves. [cite web | url=http://www.seaarchaeology.com/v1/html/sg/kampong_galm.html | title=Archaeology in Singapore—Istana Kampong Glam | accessdate=2006-04-26]

Excavations at St. Andrew's Cathedral have revealed artifacts dating from the 14th century to the 20th century, which suggest that the 14th-century settlement in Singapore extended well beyond the Singapore River. [cite web | url=http://www.seaarchaeology.com/v1/html/sg/st_andrew.html | title=Archaeology in Singapore—St. Andrew's Cathedral | accessdate=2006-04-26]

Problems

In an interview with Lianhe Zaobao, Miksic, now an Associate Professor in the Southeast Asian Studies Program and the Asia Research Institute at NUS, lamented that "Singapore is probably the only country in the world that does not employ state archaeologists. Even the government of Brunei, with a population one-tenth that of Singapore's, hires them…. Singapore has chosen to be different in this area, which is a very strange phenomenon."

As there is no official support of archaeological work, there is no centralised storage space for excavated artifacts. Even those unearthed many years ago languish in the homes, storerooms or offices of excavation participants. For example, the artifacts from the Fort Tanjong Katong dig are currently housed in Mountbatten Community Club.

In addition, there is no legislation requiring that archaeologists be consulted before construction works proceed, unlike in European countries.

Promotion of archaeology

Despite the abovementioned problems, there is still interest in Singapore's history before 1819. NUS has organised a course, "History of Singapore before the Landing of Raffles" annually since 1998, which attracts 250 to 500 interested students each time.

Other means of promoting archaeology have included public talks, collaborative research between archaeologists and the National Parks Board, and encouraging community involvement in site surveys and excavations. The excavations at Fort Tanjong Katong and St. Andrew's Cathedral saw enthusiastic participation from members of the public, and there was dismay when the Fort Tanjong Katong excavation pits were filled in at the start of 2006, ostensibly to prevent mosquitoes from breeding. [zh iconcite news | title=出土古堡垒，为何又入土？ (Why has an excavated fort been filled in again?) | author=卢丽珊 | work=Lianhe Zaobao | publisher=Singapore Press Holdings | page=4 | date=2006-04-02]

References