Seretse Khama

Infobox President
name = Seretse Khama


term_start = 30 September, 1966
term_end = 13 July, 1980
predecessor = Sekgoma Khama, King ("Kgosi") Sekgoma II (1923-1925)
successor = Quett Ketumile Joni Masire
birth_date = birth date|1921|7|1|mf=y
birth_place = Serowe
death_date = death date and age|1980|7|13|1921|7|1|mf=y
death_place = Gaborone
spouse = Ruth Williams Khama
party = Botswana Democratic Party (BDP)
order = 1st President of Botswana
vicepresident = Quett Masire

Sir Seretse Khama KBE (July 1 1921ndash July 13 1980) was the first President of Botswana.

Childhood and education

Seretse Khama was born in 1921 in Serowe, in what was then the Bechuanaland Protectorate. He was the son of Sekgoma Khama II, the paramount chief of the Bamangwato people, and the grandson of Khama III, their king. The name "Seretse" means “the clay that binds together,” and was given to him to celebrate the recent reconciliation of his father and grandfather; this reconciliation assured Seretse’s own ascension to the throne with his aged father’s death in 1925. At the age of four, Seretse became "kgosi" (king), with his uncle Tshekedi Khama as his regent and guardian.

After spending most of his youth in South African boarding schools, Khama attended Fort Hare University College there, graduating with a general B.A. in 1944. He then traveled to the United Kingdom and spent a year at Balliol College, Oxford, before joining the Inner Temple in London in 1946, to study to become a barrister.

Marriage and exile

In June 1947, Khama met Ruth Williams, an English clerk at Lloyd's of London, and after a year of courtship, married her. The interracial marriage sparked a furore among both the apartheid government of South Africa and the tribal elders of the Bamangwato. On being informed of the marriage, Khama's uncle Tshekedi Khama demanded his return to Bechuanaland and the annulment of the marriage. Khama did return to Serowe but after a series of "kgotlas" (public meetings), was re-affirmed by the elders in his role as the "kgosi" in 1949. Ruth Williams Khama, traveling with her new husband, proved similarly popular. Admitting defeat, Tshekedi Khama left Bechuanaland, while Khama returned to London to complete his studies.

However, the international ramifications of his marriage would not be so easily resolved. Having banned interracial marriage under the apartheid system, South Africa could not afford to have an interracial couple ruling just across their northern border. As Bechuanaland was then a British protectorate (not a colony), the South African government immediately exerted pressure to have Khama removed from his chieftainship. Britain’s Labour government, then heavily in debt from World War II, could not afford to lose cheap South African gold and uranium supplies. There was also a fear that South Africa might take more direct action against Bechuanaland, through economic sanctions or a military incursion. [cite book |last= Redfern|first= John|title= Ruth and Seretse: "A Very Disreputable Transaction"|year= 1955|publisher= Victor Gollancz|location= London|pages= p221|chapter= An appeal|quote = The British government knew well enough, throughout the dispute, that the Union [of South Africa] 's Nationalist Government was playing up the theme of the protectorates, and that it was within the Union's power to apply economic sanctions at any time. (The latest available figures show that more than half the cattle exported from Bechuanaland go to the Union...)] [cite web| url = http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html| title = The "Unfortunate Marriage" of Seretse Khama| accessdate = 2006-08-06| last = Rider| first = Clare| year = 2003| work = The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003| publisher = Inner Temple| pages = "Under the provisions of the South Africa Act of 1909, the Union laid claim to the neighbouring tribal territories and, as the Secretary of State for Commonwealth Relations pointed out to the Cabinet in 1949, the 'demand for this transfer might become more insistent if we disregard the Union government's views'. He went on, 'indeed, we cannot exclude the possibility of an armed incursion into the Bechuanaland Protectorate from the Union if Serestse were to be recognised forthwith, while feeling on the subject is inflamed'."] The British government therefore launched a parliamentary enquiry into Khama’s fitness for the chieftainship. Though the investigation reported that he was in fact eminently fit for the rule of Bechuanaland, "but for his unfortunate marriage", [cite web
url = http://www.innertemple.org.uk/archive/khama.html| title = The "Unfortunate Marriage" of Seretse Khama| accessdate = 2006-08-06| last = Rider| first = Clare| year = 2003| work = The Inner Temple Yearbook 2002/2003| publisher = Inner Temple| pages = "Since, in their opinion, friendly and co-operative relations with South Africa and Rhodesia were essential to the well-being of the Bamangwato Tribe and the whole of the Protectorate, Serestse, who enjoyed neither, could not be deemed fit to rule. They concluded: 'We have no hesitation in finding that, but for his unfortunate marriage, his prospects as Chief are as bright as those of any native in Africa with whom we have come into contact'."] the government ordered the report suppressed (it would remain so for thirty years), and exiled Khama and his wife from Bechuanaland in 1951. In 1952, a new Conservative government declared the exile permanent.

Return to politics

The sentence would not last nearly so long. Nationalist, communist, and human rights groups around the world immediately protested against the government decision, holding it up as evidence of British racism. In Britain itself there was wide anger at the decision and calls for the resignation of Lord Salisbury, the minister responsible. [cite book |last= Redfern|first= John|title= Ruth and Seretse: "A Very Disreputable Transaction"|year= 1955|publisher= Victor Gollancz|location= London|pages= p189|chapter= The mean marquis|quote = Some sections of the press attacked him, the "Daily Express" with especial force: ... "For the nation's good, Lord Salisbury's first deed as Commonwealth Relations Secretary should be his last."] A deputation of six Bamangwato traveled to London to see the exiled Khama and Lord Salisbury, in an echo of the 1895 deputation of three Bamangwato "kgosis" to Queen Victoria, but with no success. However, when ordered by the British High Commission to replace Khama, the people refused to do so.

In 1956, Seretse and Ruth Khama were allowed to return to Bechuanaland as private citizens, after he had renounced the tribal throne. Khama began an unsuccessful stint as a cattle rancher and dabbled in local politics, being elected to the tribal council in 1957. In 1960 he was diagnosed with diabetes.

In 1961, however, Khama leapt back onto the political scene by founding the nationalist Bechuanaland Democratic Party. His exile gave him an increased credibility with an independence-minded electorate, and the BDP swept aside its Socialist and Pan-Africanist rivals to dominate the 1965 elections. Now Prime Minister of Bechuanaland, Khama continued to push for Botswana's independence, from the newly-established capital of Gaborone. A 1965 constitution delineated a new Botswana government, and on September 30, 1966, Botswana gained its independence, with Khama acting as its first President. In 1966 Queen Elizabeth appointed Khama Knight Commander of the Most Excellent Order of the British Empire.

Presidency

At the time of its independence, Botswana was among the world’s poorest countries. Tax revenues proved insufficient to cover the costs of government, forcing Botswana into heavy debt with Britain. The foreign policy situation was similarly bleak; trapped between the aggressive white minority governments of apartheid South Africa and Rhodesia, most observers believed that Botswana would have little choice but to become a satellite state to one or the other. fact|date=May 2007

Khama set out on a vigorous economic program intended to transform Botswana into an export-based economy, built around beef, copper, and diamonds. The 1967 discovery of Orapa’s enormous diamond deposits particularly aided this program, and between 1966 and 1980 Botswana had the fastest growing economy in the world. Much of this money was reinvested into infrastructure, health, and education costs, resulting in further economic development. Khama also instituted strong measures against corruption, the bane of so many other newly-independent African nations.

On the foreign policy front, Khama allowed Rhodesian militant organizations to use Botswana as a base for raiding operations against the incumbent white minority Rhodesian government. [http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0786416866&id=Gmm_aUaa6okC&pg=PA64&lpg=PA64&ots=aGcD8CGIdi&dq=Mugabe+1970s&sig=pr37blDarT8-ZNgO9Th5AZrcZqw#PPA65,M1 65] "Robert Mugabe and the Betrayal of Zimbabwe"] Shortly before his death, Khama would play a major role in negotiating the end of the Rhodesian civil war and the resulting creation and independence of Zimbabwe.

Khama remained president until his death from pancreatic cancer in 1980, when he was succeeded by Vice President Quett Masire. Forty thousand people paid their respects while Khama's body lay in state in Gaborone. He was buried in the Khama family graveyard on a hill in Serowe, Central District. [cite book|last=Tlou|first=Thomas|authorlink=Thomas Tlou|coauthors= Parsons, Neil; Henderson, Willie|title =Seretse Khama, 1921–1980|publisher=Macmillan Boleswa|date=1995|location=Braamfontein|pages=391-2|id=ISBN 99912 60 31 5]

He is the founding father of democracy in Botswana.

References

Further reading

*
* From the 1990 [http://imdb.com/title/tt0102408/?fr=c2l0ZT1kZnx0dD0xfGZiPXV8cG49MHxxPW1hcnJpYWdlIG9mIGluY29udmVuaWVuY2V8bXg9MjB8bG09NTAwfGh0bWw9MQ__;fc=1;ft=10 film of the same name] .
* Williams, Susan. 2006. "Colour Bar". Allen Lane. ISBN 0-7139-9811-3
*Seager, Alan. 2005. "The Shadow of a Great Rock". Connah’s Quay, Flintshire, England: I & D Books/ the authorThe definitive biography, "Seretse Khama" was written by Neil Parsons, Willie Henderson and Thomas Tlou in 1995

External links

* [http://www.penguin.co.uk/nf/Author/AuthorPage/0,,1000054429,00.html?sym=QUE Penguin Booksndash A piece by Susan Williams, author of "Colour Bar: The Triumph of Seretse Khama and His Nation"]
* [http://www.thuto.org/ubh/bw/skhama.htm University of Botswana History Dept: "Seretse Khama 1921-1980"]
* [http://www.royalty.nu/Africa/Botswana.html Royalty in Botswana]