Antarctopelta

Taxobox
name = "Antarctopelta"
fossil_range = Late Cretaceous
regnum = Animalia
phylum = Chordata
classis = Sauropsida
superordo = Dinosauria
ordo = Ornithischia
subordo = Thyreophora
infraordo = Ankylosauria
genus = "Antarctopelta"
species = "A. oliveroi"
binomial = "Antarctopelta oliveroi"
binomial_authority = Salgado & Gasparini, 2006

"Antarctopelta" (pronEng|æntˌʔɑrktəˈpeltə or ant-"ARK"-to-PEL-ta, meaning 'Antarctic shield') was a genus of ankylosaurian dinosaur with one known species, "A. oliveroi", which lived in Antarctica during the Late Cretaceous Period. It was a medium-sized ankylosaur, reaching no more than 4 meters (13 feet) in length, and showed characteristics of two different families, making more precise classification difficult. The single known fossil specimen was discovered on James Ross Island in 1986, constituting the first dinosaur remains ever discovered on Antarctica, although it is the second dinosaur from the continent to be formally named.

Description and classification

Like other ankylosaurs, "Antarctopelta oliveroi" was a stocky, herbivorous quadruped protected by armor plates embedded in the skin. Although a complete skeleton has not been found, the species is estimated to have reached a maximum length of 4 meters (13 ft) from snout to tail tip. Very little of the skull is known, but all of the known skull fragments were heavily ossified for protection. One bone in particular, identified as a "supraorbital", included a short spike which would have projected outwards over the eye. The leaf-shaped teeth are asymmetrical, with the majority of the denticles on the edge closest to the tip of the snout. These teeth are also proportionately large compared to those of other ankylosaurs, with the largest measuring 10 millimeters (0.4 inches) across.cite journal |author=Salgado, L. and Gasparini, Z. |year=2006 |title=Reappraisal of an ankylosaurian dinosaur from the UpperCretaceous of James Ross Island (Antarctica). |journal=Geodiversitas |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=119–135 ] This compares to the much larger North American "Euoplocephalus", 6-7 m (20-23 ft) in body length, which had teeth averaging only 7.5 mm (0.3 in) across. cite encyclopedia |author= Vickaryous, M.K., Maryanska, T. and Weishampel, D.B |year = 2004|title = Ankylosauria |encyclopedia = The Dinosauria |edition = Second Edition |editor = Weishampel, D.B., Dodson, P. and Osmólska, H. |publisher = University of California Press |location = Berkeley |pages = 363-392 ]

Vertebrae from other sections of the tail were found. Although the tip of the tail did not fossilize, some of the smaller vertebrae recovered would have been situated near the end of the tail in life, and these were associated with ossified tendons on the upper and lower sides. In ankylosaurids, these tendons help to stiffen the end of the tail in support of a large, bony tail club. If such a club existed in "Antarctopelta", it has yet to be discovered. Six different types of osteoderms were found along with the skeletal remains of "Antarctopelta", but very few were articulated with the skeleton, so their placement on the body is largely speculative. They included the base of what would have been a large spike. Flat oblong plates resembled the ones that guarded the neck of the nodosaurid "Edmontonia rugosidens". Large circular plates were found associated with smaller, polygonal nodules, perhaps forming a shield over the hips as seen in "Sauropelta". Another type of osteoderm was oval-shaped with a keel running down the middle. A few examples of this fifth type were found ossified to the ribs, suggesting that they ran in rows along the flanks of the animal, a very typical pattern among ankylosaurs. The final group consisted mainly of small bony nodules which are often called "ossicles", and were probably scattered throughout the body. Several ribs were also found with these ossicles attached.

"Antarctopelta" shares several features with the nodosaurids, mainly in the teeth and armor, while the possibly-clubbed tail is far more similar to those of ankylosaurids. This mosaic of characters makes assignment to a specific family difficult. It has been designated as Ankylosauria "incertae sedis", but has never been subjected to a phylogenetic analysis.

Discovery and naming

The holotype, or original specimen, is the only known example of this genus and species, and was the first dinosaur ever found in Antarctica. It consists of three isolated teeth, part of the lower jaw with another tooth "in situ", some other skull fragments, vertebrae (neck, back, hips and tail), some partial limb bones (scapula, ilium and femur), toe bones (five metapodials and two phalanges), and numerous pieces of armor. This specimen was initially located in January 1986 on James Ross Island, off the Antarctic Peninsula. It was discovered by Argentine geologists Eduardo Olivero and Roberto Scasso, but excavation was not completed for almost a decade due to the frozen ground and harsh weather conditions. The material was collected from an area of 6 square meters (64.5 square feet) over several field seasons but is assumed to have belonged to a single individual. Much of the skeleton is in poor condition, as many of the bones nearest to the surface were subjected to years of fragmentation by freeze-thaw weathering.

Although the material had been known for decades and written about in three separate publications, "Antarctopelta oliveroi" was not named until 2006, by Argentine paleontologists Leonardo Salgado and Zulma Gasparini. It was therefore the second named genus of dinosaur from Antarctica after "Cryolophosaurus" in 1993, despite being discovered first. The genus name refers to its location on the continent of Antarctica and its armored nature. Antarctica is derived from the Greek words αντ/ant- ('opposite of') and αρκτος/arktos ('bear' referring to the constellation Ursa Major, which points north). The Greek πελτε/pelte ('shield') is commonly used to name genera of ankylosaurs ("Cedarpelta" and "Sauropelta", for example). The single known species, "A. oliveroi", is named after Eduardo Olivero, who discovered the holotype, first mentioned it in print, and has worked in Antarctica for decades.

Earlier work suggested that the James Ross Island ankylosaur was a juvenile.cite encyclopedia |author= Olivero, E., Gasparini, Z., Rinaldi, C. and Scasso, R |year = 1991 |title = First record of dinosaurs in Antarctica (Upper Cretaceous, James Ross Island): paleogeographical implications |encyclopedia = Geological Evolution of Antarctica |pages = 617-622 |editor = Thomson, M.R.A., Crame, J.A. and Thomson, J.W |publisher = Cambridge University Press |location = Cambridge] cite journal |author=Gasparini, Z., Pereda-Suberbiola, X. and Molnar, R.E. |year=1996 |title=New data on the ankylosaurian dinosaur from the Late Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula. |journal=Memoirs of the Queensland Museum |volume=39 |pages=583–594] More recent research indicates that the different parts of the vertebrae are completely fused together, while a juvenile would be expected to have visible sutures between the neural arch and body ("centrum") of the vertebrae. A preliminary histological analysis of several bones also indicates a level of remodeling that would not be seen in newly-formed bone.

Environment

The holotype skeleton was collected about 90 m (300 ft) from the base of the Gamma Member of the Santa Marta Formation in Antarctica. This member was deposited in a shallow marine environment and also preserves marine fossils such as shark teeth, remains of the mosasaur " Lakumasaurus antarcticus", ammonites, bivalves, and gastropods. Index fossils like ammonites suggest the rocks were deposited in the late Campanian stage of the Late Cretaceous Period, or about 74 to 70 Ma (million years ago). Despite being found in marine sediment, "Antarctopelta", like all ankylosaurs, lived on land. Other ankylosaurs have also been found in marine sediments, likely as a result of carcasses washing out to sea.cite journal |author=Horner, J.R. |year=1979 |title=Upper Cretaceous dinosaurs from the Bearpaw Shale (Marine) of southcentral Montana, with a checklist of Upper Cretaceous dinosaur remains from marine sediments in North America. |journal=Journal of Paleontology |volume=53 |issue=3 |pages=566–577] cite journal |author=Carpenter, K., Dilkes, D. and Weishampel, D.B. |year=1995 |title=The dinosaurs of the Niobrara Chalk Formation (upper Cretaceous, Kansas). |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=275–297 ] cite journal |author=Lee Y.-N. |year=1996 |title=A new nodosaurid ankylosaur (Dinosauria: Ornithischia) from the Paw Paw Formation (Late Albian) of Texas. |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |volume=16 |issue=2 |pages=232–245 ]

Although Antarctica in the Cretaceous was in the southern polar region, the Earth had a much warmer climate during this time period, and the continent would have been ice-free. Animals like "Antarctopelta oliveroi" would have lived in forests of conifers and even deciduous trees. Despite the higher temperatures, darkness would still have descended for the winter, just as it does today at high latitudes.cite journal |author=Huber, B.T. |year=1998 |title=Tropical Paradise at the Cretaceous Poles? |journal=Science |volume=282 |issue=5397 |pages=2199–2200 |doi=10.1126/science.282.5397.2199 ] The Antarctic Peninsula, including James Ross Island, was connected to South America throughout this time period, allowing interchange of fauna between both continents. However, no evidence has yet been found to support a common ankylosaur fauna between Antarctica and South America.

References