Ciskei

Republic of Ciskei iRiphabliki ye Ciskei
Bantustan
← 1972–1994 →
Flag Coat of arms
Motto Siyakunqandwa Ziinkwenkwezi Xhosa: We Shall be Stopped by the Stars or The Sky is the Limit
Anthem Nkosi sikelel'i Afrika
Location of Ciskei within South Africa
Capital	Bisho
Language(s)	Xhosa
Political structure	Bantustan
Chief Minister
- 1968–1973	Chief Justice Mabandla
- 1973–1990	Lennox Leslie Wongama Sebe (Parliamentary Democracy, One-Party-Rule post 1978)
- 1990–1994	Brigadier General Oupa Gqozo
History
- Self-government	1 August 1972
- Re-integrated into South Africa	27 April 1994
Currency	South African rand

Ciskei ( /sɪsˈkeɪ/ or /sɪsˈkaɪ/) was a Bantustan in the south east of South Africa. It covered an area of 2,970 square miles (7,700 km³), almost entirely surrounded by what was then the Cape Province, and possessed a small coastline along the shore of the Indian Ocean.

Under South Africa's policy of apartheid, land was set aside for black peoples in self-governing territories. Ciskei was designated as one of two homeland or "Bantustan" for Xhosa-speaking people. Xhosa speakers were resettled there and to Transkei, the other Xhosa homeland.

Ciskei had a succession of capitals during its existence. Originally, Zwelitsha served as the capital with the view that Alice would become the long-term national capital. However, it was Bisho (now spelled Bhisho) that became the capital until Ciskei's reintegration into South Africa.

The name Ciskei means "on this side of the Kei River" (cf. Cisalpine), and is in contrast to the neighboring Bantustan of Transkei.

History

A rural area in Ciskei

By the time Sir John Cradock was appointed governor of the Cape Colony in 1811, the Zuurveld region had lapsed into disorder and many white farmers had begun to abandoned their farms.^[1] Early during 1812, on the instructions of the governor, Lieutenant-Colonel John Graham forced 20,000 Xhosa to cross the Fish River.^[1] Subsequently, 27 military posts were erected across this border, which resulted in the establishment of the garrison towns of Grahamstown and Cradock.^[1]

At the end of the nineteenth century, the area between the Fish and Kei rivers had been set aside^{[by whom?]} for the "Bantu" and was known as the Ciskei.^[2] Europeans gave the name Ciskei to the area to distinguish it from the Transkei, the area north of the Kei.^[3]

After the Union of South Africa formed in 1910, the "Bantu" rights of occupation remained unclear and differed from colony to colony within South Africa. The Native Lands Act of 1913 demarcated the reserves in the Union, and made it illegal to sell or lease these lands to Europeans (except in the Cape Colony).^[2] General Hertzog pursued his segregation policy and subsequently passed the Native Trust and Land Act in 1936.^[4] This act effectively abolished the right of the Cape "Bantu" to buy land outside of the existing reserves.^[4]

In 1961 Ciskei became a separate administrative region and in 1972 was declared self-governing under the rule of Chief Justice Mabandla and then Lennox Sebe. In 1978 it became a single-party state under the rule of Lennox Sebe and in 1981 it became the fourth homeland to be declared independent by the South African government and its residents lost their South African citizenship. However, there were no border-controls between South Africa and Ciskei. In common with other Bantustans its independence was not recognised by the international community. Sebe once claimed that the State of Israel had granted official recognition to Ciskei, but the Israeli Foreign Ministry denied this.^[5]

In 1990 Brigadier Oupa Gqozo deposed Sebe and ruled as a dictator - despite an initial promise of a swift return to civilian rule. During 1991 and 1992 many of the legal foundations of apartheid in South Africa were removed, undermining the rationale for the homelands' continued existence. The African National Congress pressed strongly for them to be reincorporated into South Africa. This was opposed by Gqozo and the other homeland leaders.

On 7 September 1992 the Ciskei Defence Force fired into a crowd (led by Ronnie Kasrils) of ANC members demanding the removal of Gqozo.^[6][7] 28 people were killed and hundreds injured in the Bisho massacre outside the sports stadium in Bisho.^[6][7]

Gqozo refused to participate in the multiracial negotiations to agree a post-apartheid constitution for South Africa and initially threatened to boycott the first multiracial elections. This became unsustainable and in March 1994, Ciskei government workers went on strike for fear of losing their job security and pensions in the post-apartheid era. The police then mutinied, prompting Gqozo to resign on 22 March. The South African government took control of the homeland to ensure security until the elections could be held the following month.

Ciskei and all of the other homelands were reincorporated into South Africa on 27 April 1994, after the first post-apartheid elections. Along with Transkei, Ciskei became part of the new Eastern Cape Province. Its capital became the capital of the Eastern Cape Province.

See also

Historical states in present-day South Africa
before 1600 Mapungubwe (1050–1270)
1600-1700 Cape Colony (1652–1910)
1700-1800 Swellendam (1795) Graaff Reinet (1795–1796)
1800-1850 Waterboer's Land (1813–1871) Zulu Kingdom (1818–1897) Adam Kok's Land (1825–1861) Winburg (1836–1844) Potchefstroom (1837–1848) Natalia Republic (1839–1843)
1850-1875 Orange Free State (1854–1902) Republic of Utrecht (1854–1858) Lydenburg Republic (1856–1860) South African Republic (1857–1902) Griqualand East (1861–1879) Griqualand West (1870)
1875-1900 Stellaland (1882–1885) Goshen (1882–1883) Nieuw Republiek (1884–1888) Klein Vrystaat (1886–1891)
1900-present Cape Colony (1652–1910) Union of South Africa (1910–1961) Transkei (1976–1994) Bophuthatswana (1977–1994) Venda (1979–1994) Ciskei (1981–1994) Republic of South Africa (1961–present)
more

• List of heads of state of Ciskei
• Vice President of Ciskei

Books on Ciskei

• Mager, A.K. (1999) Gender and the Making of a South African Bantustan: A Social History of the Ciskei, 1945–1959, Heinemann.
• Switzer, L. (1993) Power and Resistance in an African Society: The Ciskei Xhosa and the Making of South Africa, University of Wisconsin Press.

External links

• Ciskei – general information
• African Studies Quarterly
• South African history site
• WHKMLA site
• Creation of tribalism in Ciskei

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Cameron, Trewhella; Spies, S.B., eds (1980) [1986]. An Illustrated History of South Africa (1 ed.). Jonathan Ball Publishers, Johannesburg. p. 79. ISBN 0-86850-118-2. 
2. ^ ^{a b} Boyce, A.N. (1971) [1969]. Europe and South Africa: A history for South African High Schools (3 ed.). Juta & Company, Limited. p. 700. 
3. ^ Bulpin, T.V. (1980). Mayhew, Vic; Duncan, Tony; Handler, Rosemund. eds. Illustrated Guide to Southern Africa (2 ed.). Reader's Digest. p. 152. ISBN 0-620-04650-3. 
4. ^ ^{a b} Boyce, A.N. (1971) [1969]. Europe and South Africa: A history for South African High Schools (3 ed.). Juta & Company, Limited. p. 702. 
5. ^ Sasha Polakow-Suransky, The Unspoken Alliance: Israel's Secret Relationship with Apartheid South Africa, (New York: Pantheon Books), 2010, p. 157.
6. ^ ^{a b} Ronnie Kasrils (2004-05-07). "A Decade of Democracy: What if Boipatong and Bisho had not happened?". FinancialMail.co.za. http://free.financialmail.co.za/projects/democracy/zzdemd.htm. Retrieved 2010-12-22. 
7. ^ ^{a b} "Evidence that Ciskei massacre was planned". GreenLeft. 1992-09-30. http://www.greenleft.org.au/node/2966. Retrieved 2010-12-22.